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Treaty of Tordesillas
An agreement between Spain and Portugal in 1494 that divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between the two powers.
European motives for colonization (Spain, France, England)
Economic gain, spreading Christianity, and expanding territorial claims drove European nations to colonize the Americas.
Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 in Virginia.
John Smith
An English soldier and explorer who played a crucial role in the establishment of Jamestown and its early survival.
Tobacco
A cash crop that became the foundation of the Virginia economy and was highly sought after in Europe.
Maryland
A colony founded in 1632 as a haven for Catholics and known for its religious tolerance.
Life in the Chesapeake
Characterized by a plantation economy, reliance on tobacco, and a high mortality rate due to disease.
Pilgrims/Separatists
A group of English Protestants who sought to separate from the Church of England and established Plymouth Colony in 1620.
Mayflower Compact
An agreement made by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 to create a self-governing colony based on majority rule.
Puritans
A religious group that sought to purify the Church of England and established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630.
Anne Hutchinson
A Puritan woman who challenged the religious authorities in Massachusetts and was eventually banished for her beliefs.
Roger Williams
A religious dissenter who founded Rhode Island as a place of religious freedom and separation of church and state.
Massachusetts
A New England colony established by Puritans, known for its strict religious practices and community governance.
Half-Way Covenant
A 1662 agreement allowing partial church membership for the children of baptized but unconverted Puritans, aimed at increasing church attendance.
Life in New England
Marked by a focus on community, religious observance, and a mixed economy of agriculture and trade.
Pennsylvania
A Middle Colony founded by William Penn as a haven for Quakers and known for its religious tolerance.
New York/New Netherland
Originally a Dutch colony, it was taken over by the English in 1664 and became a diverse and economically significant colony.
Life in the Middle Colonies
Characterized by a mix of agriculture and commerce, with a diverse population and religious tolerance.
Georgia
The last of the original thirteen colonies, founded in 1732 as a buffer against Spanish Florida and a place for debtors.
Life in the South
Dominated by plantation agriculture, reliance on slave labor, and a hierarchical social structure.
Navigation Acts
A series of laws passed by England to regulate colonial trade and ensure that it benefited the British economy.
Salutary neglect
A British policy of minimal interference in colonial affairs, allowing colonies to develop their own economies and governance.
Indentured servants
Individuals who agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for passage to America and eventual land or freedom.
Bacon’s Rebellion
A 1676 uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colonial government, highlighting tensions between settlers and Native Americans.
Rise of slave labor
The increasing reliance on enslaved Africans for labor in the Southern colonies, particularly in tobacco and cotton production.
Mercantilism
An economic theory that emphasized the importance of accumulating wealth through trade and maintaining a favorable balance of exports over imports.
Iroquois Confederacy
A powerful alliance of six Native American nations in the Northeast that played a significant role in colonial politics and trade.
New England Confederation
A short-lived alliance of four New England colonies formed in 1643 for mutual defense against Native American attacks.
Dominion of New England
A consolidation of several New England colonies under a single royal governor in the late 17th century, aimed at increasing royal control.
Salem Witch Trials
A series of hearings and prosecutions in 1692 in Massachusetts, where several people were accused of witchcraft, reflecting social tensions.
Triangular Trade
A transatlantic trading network that involved the exchange of goods and enslaved people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
Education in the colonies
Varied by region, with New England emphasizing literacy and religious education, while the South focused on practical skills.
Colonial commerce
The trade activities that developed in the colonies, including exports of raw materials and imports of manufactured goods.
Enlightenment
An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights, influencing colonial thought.
Great Awakening
A religious revival movement in the American colonies during the 18th century that emphasized personal faith and emotional connection to God.
Jonathan Edwards
A prominent preacher and theologian known for his fire-and-brimstone sermons during the Great Awakening, particularly "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."
New Lights
A faction of Protestant Christians who embraced the emotional and experiential aspects of faith during the Great Awakening, often in contrast to the more traditional "Old Lights."
Zenger Trial
A landmark legal case in 1735 that established the principle of freedom of the press in America, involving John Peter Zenger, who was acquitted for publishing criticism of the colonial governor.
Stono Rebellion
A slave uprising that occurred in South Carolina in 1739, where enslaved Africans revolted against their masters, leading to stricter slave laws.
French and Indian War
A conflict between Britain and France in North America (1754-1763) that was part of the larger Seven Years' War, resulting in British territorial gains.
Albany Congress/Plan of Union
A 1754 meeting of colonial representatives aimed at coordinating colonial defense against the French and Native American threats, proposing a unified government.
Treaty of Paris, 1763
The agreement that ended the French and Indian War, resulting in France ceding most of its North American territories to Britain.
Pontiac’s Rebellion
A 1763 uprising by Native American tribes against British rule in the Great Lakes region, sparked by dissatisfaction with British policies after the French and Indian War.
Proclamation of 1763
A declaration by the British Crown that prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to stabilize relations with Native Americans.
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