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Signif players, places, events, political terms

Henry Clay

South Carolinian Senate, Secretary of State, and one of the Great Triumvirate. Compromised tension of nullification from SC. Major supporter of the US bank and tried to recharter it. Lost presidency election thrice, but was strongly influential in electoral results (played a key role in the corrupt bargain). Developed the American System.

American System

proposal to make a great home market for factory and farm producers by raising protective tariffs, strengthening the national bank, and financing internal improvements (this part was rejected, as thought that needed Amendment for fed to do such things).

John C. Calhoun

Secretary of War, SC Senate, Secretary of State, and Vice President. Operated in the Seminole Wars in support of slavery. Supported state rights and nullification of fed laws. Developed theory of Nullification. Had a severed relationship with Jackson—ending his chance of presidency.

Nullification

theory that individual states have the right to invalidate fed laws if they seem unconstitutional. After all—the states are the original creators of the fed gov.

Andrew Jackson

A military hero: general (Battle of Horseshoe Bend)—>Major general (War of 1813 New O victory, Seminole Wars. Had no political experience, but was in favor of citizens—>President (Era of the Common Man). Was democratic, but believed in Fed Union. Was an advocate for moving Natives West. Was against the National Bank since specie seemed better.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the Cotton Gin and interchangeable parts (which helped the facilitation of effective and new technology—started by making interchangeable parts for guns,

Nat Turner

A black preacher. Led a revolt in 1831 in Virg, killing 60 white people.

Dorthea Dix

Feminism Revolutionary. Advocated for people with mental illnesses.

William Lloyd Garrison

Anti-slavery leader. Assistant to a Quaker that broke off to start own newspaper: The Liberator. Had brought up very intense arguments. Very radical social-system-wise and government-wise.

Frederick Douglas

Slave that bought his own freedom. Was an abolitionist leader that helped the influence of the abolitionist group. Wrote critics on slavery and what it was like; made speeches to many people.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist and painter. Urged for people to work for self-realization > societal expectations. Lived in a cabin in Concord woods for 2 yrs to free himself. Believed in civil disobedience, people should challenge unjust/immoral laws.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Abolitionist, Feminist, and writer. Made the famous book Uncle Tom’s Cabin which brought passion to the abolitionists.

Sojourner Truth

Escaped to be a free slave, was a Methodist and abolitionist. Became a leading spokesperson for feminism and abolitionism.

Susan B. Anthony

Abolitionist and iconic, active leader for feminist rights.

Herman Melville

Author. Wrote Moby Dick—a reflection of the harsh, individualistic, achievement driven culture of the 19th-century.

Alexis de Tocqueville

French aristocrat. Spent 2 years in US to watch democratic political change and prisons. Wrote a study of American life: Democracy in America, which illustrated early Democracy in the US.

Seneca Falls Convention

Convention that discussed ? of women’s rights. Made the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, which quotes some of the Declaration of Independence. Launched battle for women’s suffrage.

American Temperance Movement

Anti-Alcohol movement that stemmed from Evangelical Protestantism. Appealed to also women and critics of immigrants—became a national movement with 1000’s of ppl pledging to sobriety. 

Mormon Church

Emerged from the Church of Jesus Christ, and lead from Joseph Smith. Contained the Book of Mormon—said to be the last prophet’s book. All about the new call for a Second Coming and believers could become God himself. Tried to create society but were often driven out by neighbors against their claims of new prophets and scriptures and polygamy.

Caucus

power in the political party will arise directly from the people rather than elite political institutions. Caucus ais a group of supporters/members of a specific political party.

Market revolution

Increased prioritization and production of the market. Advanced from the use of steam boats and trains for shipment, inventions such as the cotton gin, slave labor, the factory system, and the American System. Often—the transport technologies connect W and E more but left out the South. Most agrarian, but started converting more to markets since it provided resources and allowed more profit. North would make products off of the natural resources, south would produce cotton, and west would make agriculture.

factory system

method of manufacture involving powered machinery (run by water) for ability to use unskilled labor and still have greater output.

“Corrupt Bargain”

clay (no longer in the running for president, but i big political influencer), didn’t want Jackson to win presidency, so he advocated for John Quincy Adams (despite how he wasn’t as popular) and has Adams win Presidency, letting Clay become his secretary of state—basically his successor.

social mobility

the ability to move up in the social hierarchy.

Spoils system

practice where victorious political parties reward supporters with government jobs—prioritized political loyalty over merit.

Whig party

National Republican Party which leaned towards old federalist beliefs. 

Trail of Tears

forced journey made from Amerindians to the Indian Territory in the winter of 1838, killing ~ ¼ of migrants.

Know-Nothing party

anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic group formed 1850 as the American Party.

nativism

belief of native-born inhabitants having superiority over immigrants.

Declaration of Sentiments

declaration formed from the Seneca Falls convention which stated women’s natural rights and advocated for women’s suffrage.

utopian societies

community that attempts to create an ideal society based on a specific vision, often withdrawing from mainstream culture.

Second Great Awakening

stronger than the first Great Awakening, it was a wave of Protestant revival. Evangelical ministers would preach in events. Terms: must readmit God into their daily lives and reject things that will challenge their belief. Popular among women who had the time due to industrialism taking over their domestic roles; and blacks in their liberation from slevery too.

Transcendentalism

philosophical movements early 1800’s that sought truth and beauty in nature and individual. nature > formed ed., politics, religion. Nature was connected to one and all, and is the purest thing with a spirit.

Monroe Doctrine

warning against European interference with American continents; US promise to stay out of European affairs.

Erie Canal

greatest construction project of its time. Traffic was so popular, paid off construction cost within years. Connected Great Lakes to Hudson River. Made  NY an economic power house. Sparked for more canals to be made—and eventually railroads.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

significantly raised taxes on imported goods to protect Northern industries from foreign competition. Helped those companies, but affected much of the common population which relied on imports for daily life.

Tariff of 1832

protectionist tariff that reduced rates from the Tariff of Abominations, but not low enough to satisfy Southern states.

Missouri Compromise

Missouri may become a slave state and Maine will become a free state; all states north of the southern border of Missouri will be deemed as anti-slave states while all states south of the southern border of Missouri will be deemed as slave states. Answered the ? is whether new states should be free or not free from the division between slave and non-slave states correlating with North and South.

Louisiana Purchase

Purchased by Thomas Jefferson from Napoleon to prevent French powers from building in the Americas. Doubled the side of the US, and grew federal powers to purchase land (necessary and proper). Found justification (despite how it appealed to federal beliefs) from how the growing population now had the accessibility to new land.

Romanticism

artistic and literary movement emphasizing the free will to be influenced by individualism, imagination, and emotion over reason and logic.

Samuel Morse

Inventor of the single-wire telegraph and creator of morse code—helped connect the nation better.

Election of 1800

peaceful transfer of power between parties (Federalists-Adams —> Democrats-Jefferson)

Jeffersonian Democracy

Ideals: agrarian, limited central government, strict constitution interpretation.

“Era of Good Feelings”

National political unity under Monroe’s presidency; One-party rule (because federalists fell after war of 1813).

Universal White Male Suffrage

Property requirements removed—> elections now are more based off the common peoples’ approval (Of the Common Man)

Election of 1828

Andrew Jackson’s election victory; Rise of the “Common Man”

Second Party System

Emerged after the election of 1824 & 1828 (Corrupt Bargain + Jackson). Whigs vs. Democrats.

Whigs: American System, strong central gov, loose interpret, prez=congress controlled, support=evan protest, N, E, middle, upper, reformers.

Democrats: no American System, limited central gov, strict interpret, prez=voice of people + leader, support=other religions, S, W, farmers, low, immigrants.

Hudson River School

School that emphasized romantic landscape painting to emphasize nature.

National Road (Cumberland road)

1st major federal highway

Steam Boats

Revolutionized river transport

Railroads

connected regional markets, primarily the N and E.

McCormick Reaper and Steel Plow

Boosted Midwestern farming

Lowell System

Textile industries that hired young women to work in their factories. Were originally good conditions for their workers, but alter worsened.

Second Bank of the US

Stabilized nation’s currency. Left lower class and rural people concerned with how much the bank helped the wealthy facilitate further wealth. Was later destroyed by Jackson.

Panic of 1837

Started after Jackson’s Bank war. A great economic depression from the unstable central gov’s money and very limited specie currency in smaller banks.

Specie Circular

enacted from Jackson in 1836 that all land repayments to the federal government may only be paid in specie.

Lewis and Clark expedition

Deployed by Jefferson to explore and map out Western land.

Embargo act

Cut off trade in foreign ports especially to GB and France. Was enforced by Jefferson in response to the Chesapeake v. Leopard incident. Led to hurting the economy, but France and eventually GB agreed to follow a trade truce.

War of 1812

US war against GB due to impressment, trade violations, and GB aid to Native resistance. Was declared from Jefferson under the pressure of War Hawks. Victory led to American patriotism and demise of the Federalist Party.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty between GB and US to declare peace on the war of 1812.

Terms: restoring borders between US and GB, abolition of slave trade, native rights, boundary commission (US-Canada border demilitarized), end of hostilities. 

Hartford Convention

Federalist (especially in New England) convened and hinted at secession. Took place right before the treaty of Ghent. After treaty, made convention seem treasonous, ending the federalist party.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Spain ceded Florida and Oregon to US and established a clear W border (Gulf of Mexico—>Pacific Ocean) for the nation. Gave Texas to Spain (for a while). US also compensated for costs associated with Seminole War.

Worcester v. Georgia

Court sided with Cherokee that Natives are an independent nation that states may not control, only federal government may. Was ignored by Jackson in Cherokee v. Georgia and led to the Indian Removal Act and Trail of Tears.

Nullification Crisis

Conflict between South Carolina and Fed government on issue of tariffs. Led by VP Calhoun (who then didn’t agree with Jackson’s ideals anymore). Made the doctrine of Nullification which stated state rights to nullify. Led to Jackson’s response deeming it as a threat to Union, and was willing to use military force to stop it. Compromise Tariff made by Henry clay to reduce said tariffs but Jackson also made Force Bill (federal troops are authorized to enforce law).

Texas Revolution

Conflict between settlers and Mexican residents in Texas. Led to Texan independence and creation of the Republic of Texas.

Manifest destiny

Belief from Americans that they had a God-given right to expand westward and claim new lands for the nation. Led to the displacement of many natives and the expansion of the US. Also tied with romanticism trend.