Social Studies 8 Final

What is a stock?

A share of ownership in a company

What is a corporation?

A legal entity led by a board of directors

What is monopoly?

A company or group of companies that has complete control over a field

What is a trust?

A group of corps that come together and combine

What is an assembly line and who used it the most with cars?

A series of workers doing specific parts of assembly to make a product / Henry Ford

Industrialization vs urbanization?

Industrialization - agr → machine

Urbanization - migrating from agricultural/rural to urban/city

What is Laissez-faire and why was it a bad thing?

The government was hands-off on the economy. This allowed companies to form monopolies, allowing them to alone control an entire industry.

What is Social Darwinism?

A theory that business and wealth is merely survival of the fittest. Blamed poor people for their own poverty

Urbanization positives / negatives

Positives -new transportation, new architecture museums, parks, theaters, and an increase in newspapers/magazines

Negatives - overcrowded, unsanitary, slums, crime, disease and political corruption

Bessemer Process?

A process that would make mass amounts of steel from molten rock

How The Other Half Lives? - who wrote it and why?

Jacob Riis took pictures of slum life to bring attention to it to richer people

Tenements?

Highly overcrowded, dirty homes the working class lived in

The 3 social classes during the Industrial Revolution?

Working class - largest, poor, lived in tenements, primarily worked in factories

Middle class - doctors, lawyers, office workers, lived in better housing, more money and free time

Upper class - entrepreneurs, lived in large mansions or elegant buildings, sometimes gave $ to charity

Roosevelt’s three Cs for his Square Deal?

Control of Corporations - he wants to eliminate bad trusts and monitor good trusts

Consumer Protection - protect the public from harmful meats and medicine

Conservation of Natural Resources - created national parks, forests and protected monuments

Americans who pursued expansion focussed on what 3 main areas of the world?

• Latin America

• Islands in the Pacific (i.e. Hawaii)

• China & Japan

What is the Roosevelt Corollary?

Extension of Western Hemisphere protection from the Monroe Doctrine, allows US to intervene in Latin American affairs. Made the US a “national police force”

Why was the Panama Canal made?

To get across the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean quicker

4 causes of the Great Depression?

1. Overproduction

2. Underconsumption

3. Buying on margin

4. Unequal distraction of wealth

What prompted the US to join WWI?

• Leaked Telegram

• Unrestricted Marine Warfare

What is Manifest Destiny?

“God-given” destiny to spread US culture across the continent

Dollar Diplomacy

US froeign policy that supported private investments overseas, bringing America’s prestige and stability to other countries

What is NATO?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, mutual defense 15 nations between Canada and Turkey. Made to stop the spread of communism

What is the court-packing law?

Proposed by Franklin Roosevelt, this law would’ve added 6 Supreme Court Judges. He wanted this to increase support for his New Deal programs

Organizing the Berlin airlift, implementing the Marshall Plan, and fighting the Korean War were early events in a US attempt to stop the spread of communism, named…

containment

Why didn’t the US join the League of Nations?

People were scared it would involve the US in future world conflicts

Why did the US join WWiI?

Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor - we ignored Germany’s conquest throughout Europe

What were Internment Camps?

Confinement camps Japanese-Americans were forced into by Roosevelt’s Executive Order

What is rugged individualism?

An idea used by Hoover that “individuals can overcome the challenges themselves”

What was the first war the UN helped fight?

Korean War

What is totalitarianism?

When one person has total control over the government

How did the US respond to the Berlin blockade?

They airlifted food and supplies into Berlin

What is fascism?

A government system characterized by strict social and economic control

What marked the end of the Great Depression?

America’s entry into WWII, opening new factories to serve the armed forces

Korematsu vs United States?

Upheld the constitutionality of containing the Japanese, argued it was allowed based on “military necessity”

What is Operation Barbarossa?

Nazi invaded the Soviet Union, breaking their peace pact. Failed due to the cold winters

What marked the start of the Space Race between the US and Russia?

The Sputnik satellite

6 rich people, their industries and philanthropies

1. Andrew Carnegie – steel industry, made schools and libraries 

2. J.P. Morgan – banking, museum of Art 

3. Cornelius Vanderbilt – railroads & shipping, vanderbilt University in Nashville 

4. John Rockefeller – Standard Oil, public health, philanthropy 

5. Jay Gould (Robber) – railroad & finance speculator 

6. James Fisk (Robber) – smugger, railroads 

4 maim muckrakers and what they exposed?

1. Ida Tarbell – writer, exposed Rockefeller 

2. Upton Sinclair – writer, meat packing industry 

3. Jacob Riis – photographer, exposed slum life 

4. Lucretia Mott – one of the people who assisted Susan B Anthony 

What 5 areas did the progressives aim to reform?

• Government - more power for the voters, led to 16th-19th amendment

• Muckrackers - exposed problems in society

• Women’s Rights - wanted rights to vote for women (Elizabeth Cady Stanton)

• Temperance - wanted to ban alcohol, led to 18th amendment

• Minorities - aimed to stop racism

What were the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th amendments?

16 - federal income tax

17 - senator elected by people instead of stage legislators 

18 - ban manufacturing, sale and transport of alcohol  

19 - women’s suffrage

Two countries the US imperialized?

Hawaii, Philippines

Why did the US imperialize?

1. Ideological - “cultural destiny”

2. Economic - make money

3. Political - desire for power

4. Religious - spread Christianity

What was the spark behind WWI and WWIII?

1. WWI - assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

2. WWII - invasion of Poland by Germany

5 punishments for Germany in the Treaty of Versailles?

1. Germany must accept blame

2. Had to pay $33.4 billion

3. Shrunk army, six naval ships, no tanks or air ships

4. Land was taken from Germany

5. Couldn’t join League of Nations

What was the Warsaw Pact?

Alliance between Soviet Union and Eastern-Europe satellite states to defend against NATO

What were the Numbering Trials?

13 trials where the Allies persecuted Germany officials for their war crimes. First time people were persecuted for crimes against humanity