Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution Overview

Humanism

Focus on human potential and achievements.

Protestant Reformation

Movement to reform the Catholic Church, initiated by Luther.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's criticisms of church practices.

Indulgences

Payments for forgiveness of sins in the Church.

Printing Press

Technology that spread Reformation ideas rapidly.

Heliocentric

Sun-centered solar system model proposed by Copernicus.

Geocentric

Earth-centered solar system model, disproven by scientists.

Scientific Method

Systematic approach to inquiry and experimentation.

Observation

Careful examination of phenomena to gather data.

Experimentation

Testing hypotheses through controlled trials.

Inquiry

Process of seeking information and understanding.

Natural Laws

Principles governing the natural world, discovered through science.

Renaissance

Cultural revival of classical Greek and Roman ideas.

Crusades

Religious wars that opened trade routes to Europe.

Medici

Powerful family that patronized Renaissance art and culture.

Golden Age

Period of cultural flourishing and intellectual achievement.

Dark Age

Time of cultural stagnation before the Renaissance.

Religious Themes

Art focused on Christian subjects and narratives.

Classical Elements

Incorporation of ancient Greek and Roman styles in art.

Da Vinci

Renaissance artist known for works like the Mona Lisa.

Michelangelo

Renaissance artist known for the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

Kings Gained Power

Shift of authority from the Church to monarchs.

Pilgrims

People seeking religious tolerance in America.

1st Amendment

Guarantees freedom of religion in the US.

Western Europe

Region where the Reformation and Scientific Revolution occurred.

Inquiry

Seeking knowledge through questioning and exploration.

Renaissance Art

Art characterized by realism and humanist themes.