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Philosophy

Philosophy

The love of wisdom and the pursuit of knowledge through critical thinking, questioning, analyzing, synthesizing, evaluating, and judging. It is not just academic and abstract but also practical and concrete, considered a way of life.

Socrates

According to him, “man is inquisitive by nature.”

Socrates

An ancient Greek philosopher known for his method of questioning to stimulate critical thinking and illuminate ideas, considered one of the founders of Western philosophy.

Thales

Often referred to as the "Father of Philosophy," He was an ancient Greek philosopher who believed that water was the primary substance of the universe and that the transformation of this substance led to the existence of all living things.

Pythagoras

An ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician who emphasized the significance of numbers in understanding the world, believed in the immortality of the soul, and coined the term "philosophy."

Wonder

The initial spark that leads to philosophizing, expressed through questioning and critical thinking, considered the beginning of the philosophical journey.

Episteme

Scientific knowledge based on grounded or justified assertions, proven through the scientific method and factual statements.

Techne

Technical knowledge related to the means-end of objects, understanding how things are made and done, such as the knowledge possessed by carpenters, cooks, barbers, or cobblers.

Sophia

The highest form of knowledge, wisdom, which involves understanding first principles and is considered the most finished form of knowledge.

Aristotle

An ancient Greek philosopher who introduced the concept of the four causes - material, efficient, formal, and final causes - to explain the existence and purpose of things in the universe.

Critical Thinking

Involves questioning, analyzing, synthesizing, evaluating, and judging information to reach well-reasoned conclusions and make informed decisions.

Leucippus & Democritus

Greek philosophers known as atomists who believed that all matter is composed of tiny, invisible, eternal, and uncreated atoms.

Metaphysics

Branch of philosophy that investigates the fundamental nature of reality, being, and existence, including questions about the non-physical world.

Cosmology

Study of the universe or world, including its origin, dynamics, characteristics, and the laws that govern its order.

Theodicy

Branch of philosophy that studies the nature, being, goodness, and justice of God, as well as God and man's relationship, using reason to attain its objectives.

Philosophical/Rational Psychology

Study of the nature and functioning of the mind, also known as the science of behavior and the theory of the mind.

Logic

Science and art of correct thinking, dealing with methods of argument and questions of reasoning validity and truth.

Political Philosophy

Philosophical search for knowledge of the ultimate foundation of the state, its ideal form, and basic power, focusing on man and the state.

Axiology

Branch of philosophy that analyzes the meaning, characteristics, origin, types, criteria, and knowledge of values.

Ethics

Branch of philosophy that investigates the right and wrong in human behavior, morality of acts, and questions about morality subjectivity.

Epistemology

Study of the origins, nature, extent, and reliability of knowledge, considering questions about certainty and validity of knowledge.

Human Person

Refers to the essence of an individual, encompassing physical features, mental capacities, and the way of life.

Allegory of the Cave

A philosophical story by Plato illustrating the journey from ignorance to enlightenment through the metaphor of prisoners in a cave.

Bearers of Truth

Entities like beliefs, statements, and sentences that can be attributed the property of truth.

Empirical Truth

Truth established through sense experience, known as a posteriori.

Rational Truth

Truth known through reason before experience, termed a priori.

Synthetic Truth

Truth that extends knowledge by adding new information, often associated with empirical truths.

Analytic Truth

Truth that does not extend knowledge but clarifies existing concepts, often linked to rational truths.

Subjective Truth

Truth dependent on personal attitudes, preferences, or interests.

Objective Truth

Truth independent of personal attitudes, preferences, or interests.

Universal Truth

Truth acknowledged by everyone universally.

Relative Truth

Truth acknowledged only by some people, not universally accepted.

Disciplinal Kinds of Truth

Various truths categorized based on different areas of study like religious truth, scientific truth, etc.

Theories of Truth

General methods of truth including correspondence, coherence, and pragmatic theories.

Observation

A method of truth involving direct perception or examination of phenomena.

Reasoning

A method of truth involving logical thinking and deduction.

Intuition

A method of truth based on instinctive understanding or insight.

Mystical Experience

A method of truth involving spiritual or transcendent encounters.

Appeal to Authority

A method of truth relying on the expertise or credibility of a source.

Opinion

An expression of feelings, emotions, beliefs, or views.

Fact

Statements backed by evidence and research, firmly rooted in the material world.

Truth

Something proven to exist scientifically and spiritually, independent of personal opinions or beliefs.

Dialectic Method

A method of philosophizing that involves a dialogue where individuals disagree, argue, and seek agreement on contentious issues.

Socratic Method

A method developed by Socrates, involving inquiry and cross-examination to pursue truth through dialogue.

Scientific Method

A process of determining truth through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis testing.

Fallacies

Illogical conclusions that violate logical rules but may seem convincing. Common types include Ad Populum, Ad Hominem, False Dichotomy, Non sequitur, Reduction ad Hitlerum, and Ad Misericordiam.

Transcendence

The state of thinking beyond physical and material things, involving fulfilling goals that lead to a deeper understanding of life.

Embodied Spirit

The concept that humans consist of a physical body and an abstract soul, with limitations in physical, social, and environmental aspects.

Body and Soul

The relationship between the physical body and the abstract soul, as defined by Plato and Aristotle, with distinctions in the functions and nature of the soul.

Tripartite Theory

Plato's analysis of the soul into reason, spirit, and appetite, each associated with different aspects of human behavior and characteristics.

Nutritive Soul

The soul responsible for nutrition, growth, and decay, shared among all living things according to Aristotle.

Water

Primary Substance according to Thales

Fire

Primary Substance according to Heraclitus

Miletus

City where the first 3 Western philosophers were born and live

Thales

FATHER OF PHILOSOPHY

Human Nature

refers to anything exclusively human that man intrinsically possesses right at his birth.

Somatic level

level of Human Nature that refers to the body substance, constitution, or stuff of man and secondarily to the bodily structure and color of man which are conditioned by man’s culture and environment.

Behavioral level

level of Human Nature that refers to the mode of acting of every man

attitudinal Level

level of Human Nature that refers to the mental reaction of man to a given stimulus. Attitudes can grow or stunted. Lies at the heart of every man’s uniqueness, this level caters to individual attitudes toward life.