Kinesiology Semester 1 Review

An inversion (Lateral) or eversion (Medial) ankle sprains more common?

Lateral (inversion) sprains are more common; 80% to 85% of all ankle sprains are to the lateral ligaments (inversion sprains)

Is the tibia or the fibula your primary weight bearing bone?

Tibia-larger

How many phalanges are there in the foot ?

14 phalanges

What is the most common cause of Plantar Fasciitis? (Chronic or Acute)

Chronic overuse

How many ligaments are on the lateral side of the ankle?

• Anterior talofibular

• Posterior talofibular

• calcaneofibular

• Anterior tibiofibular

• Posterior tibiofibular

Is the medial or lateral side of the ankle stronger?

The medial due to the deltoid ligament

What muscle actions(s) does the extensor digitorum do?

-Extensor Digitorum Brevis: Helps extend the proximal phalanges of toes 2-4.

• Extensor Digitorum Longus: Extends the lateral four toes; helps dorsiflexes the ankle.

What are stress fractures?

A stress fracture is a tiny crack in a bone, often an “overuse injury,” caused by repetitive force from activities like running or jumping.

Does compartment syndrome normally require surgery?

Acute compartment syndrome almost always requires surgery. Chronic compartment syndrome is often non-surgical

What does digit minimi refer to?

Little toe

What position is the talocrural joint strongest in? Weakest in?

The talocrural joint is strongest in dorsiflexion and weakest in plantar flexion.

Strongest = dorsiflexion

, weakest = plantar flexion

How many bones does the foot have ?

26 bones

What two bones make up the lower leg?

Fibula

Tibia

Which ligament is injured in a high ankle sprain ?

Tibiofibular

If your Achilles tendon raptures. What motion is impaired ?

loss of function, mainly in the plantar flexion

How long should an athlete be in a walking boot for if they suffer a high ankle sprain?

Have the athlete rest and use crutches for the first 72 hours, followed by wearing a walking boot for 3 to 7 days.

The best treatment for chronic ankle instability ?

Mechanical causes: Use prophylactic bracing and taping.

Functional: rehabilitate weakened structures, restore ankle proprioception, and neuromuscular function.

What does hallucis refer to ?

Big toe

List the symptoms of a fracture?

-Swelling and/or deformity at the site of fracture.

-Possible broken bone end projecting through skin.

-Inability to bear weight on the affected leg.

-Discoloration at the site.

-Athlete reports a snap or pop was heard or felt.

-For a stress fracture or growth plate fracture that did not

result from traumatic event, the athlete complains of

extreme point tenderness and pain at the site of injury.

Which athletes most commonly suffer Achilles tendon injures according to the lecture?

The Achilles tendon is commonly injured by long-distance runners, basketball players, and tennis players.

List the 3 arches of the foot ?

Medial long arch

lateral long arch

transverse arch

What are the muscle actions of the tiblalis anterior?

dorsiflexes the ankle and inverts the foot

What is the primary stabilizer of the medial side of the talocrural joint?

The deltoid ligament is the primary stabilizer of the medial side of the talocrural (ankle joint)

What two things effectively achieve prophylactic ankle protection?

Bracing combined with a high-top shoe may be helpful

Muscle action(s) of the peroneus longus?

Fibularis (peroneus) longus: eversion the foot; weak plantar flexion.

What is the more commonly used term for medial tibial stress syndrome?

“Shin splints” is a very common disorder of the lower

leg. The term describes exercise-induced leg pain.

The types of activities that produce this problem

and the manifestations of the injury vary

Depending on the athlete.

The etiology and pathology of this disorder are

unclear.

May relate to biomechanics and

neuromuscular characteristics or to training

errors.

What injury is caused by swelling in one or more of the compartments of the leg?

Compartment syndrome usually involves swelling

of muscles inside lower leg compartments.

Swelling puts pressure on vessels and nerves

and can cause permanent damage.

Acute trauma, such as being kicked in the leg,

can result in swelling within the compartment.

Very typical in the anterior compartment of the

lower leg.

Muscle actions(s) of the gastrocnemius ?

Plantar flexion the foot, assists with the knee flexion

Shin splints are typically described as pain located in what two areas?

Lower leg pain either medially or posteromedially.

Typically, the athlete reports a chronic problem that

progressively worsens.

Pain can be unilateral or bilateral.

List the symptoms of a grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 ankle sprain

1st degree: Pain, mild disability, point

tenderness, little laxity, little or no swelling

2nd degree: Pain, mild to moderate disability,

point tenderness, loss of function, some laxity,

swelling (mild to moderate)

3rd degree: Pain and severe disability, point

tenderness, loss of function, laxity, moderate

to severe swelling.

Describe what each of these injuries are: Lateral ankle sprain, turf toe, plantar fasciitis, Morton’s neuroma, and bunion?

lateral ankle sprain:What it is: Stretching or tearing of the ligaments on the outside (lateral) of the ankle, usually from the foot rolling inward (inversion).

• Symptoms: Pain, swelling, bruising on the outer ankle, difficulty walking. t

Turf toe:What it is: A sprain to the ligament at the base of the big toe, caused by the toe bending too far backward (hyperextension).

• Symptoms: Pain, swelling, redness at the big toe joint, pain when pushing off the toe. 

Plantar Fasciitis:What it is: Inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band connecting the heel to the toes, supporting the arch.

• Symptoms: Sharp heel pain, especially with the first steps in the morning. 

Morton's Neuroma:

• What it is: Inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band connecting the heel to the toes, supporting the arch.

• Symptoms: Sharp heel pain, especially with the first steps in the morning. 

Bunion:

What it is: A bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe, causing the toe to point inward.

• Symptoms: A visible bump, redness, pain, and difficulty wearing shoes.