HORT 2050 Exam 1 lsu

hortus

garden

cultura

cultivation

Hort

science and art of cultivating processing and marketing fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants.

botony

pure plant science

3 main plant production in hort?

Fruits, Vegetables, and Ornamental

pomology

apple or fruit

Biggest production in Louisiana?

Pecans

Vegetable Production

* Olericulture "Pot Herb"

* Nursery industry

- growing plants outside

* Greenhouse Industry

- growing plants inside

* Arboriculture

- trees which

* Turf Production

growing sod

Gymnosperms

(conifers) 200-150,000,000 years.

* Pines, furs, spruces, etc.

* Use mainly air to pollinate themselves

* Seed found in cones, produce seeds, and narrow needle-like leaf structure

Angiosperms

(flowering) 70-60,000,000 years

* Roses, cucumbers, hibiscus, etc.

* Interact with insects and animals for them to help pollinate.

Father of horticulture

> Liberty Hyde Bailey 1858-1954

> If plants ceased to exist would animals and humans survive?

no we would die

if animals ceased to exist would plants survive?

* Yes, Some plants would survive (Gymnosperms) but most of the Angiosperms would die.

* The plants would survive because of

* Photosynthesis + Energy from the sun

* 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

What do plants provide humans?

* Food & Vital Link in the Food Chain

* Oxygen

* Fossil Fuels

* Erosion Control

* Wood and Lumber Products

* Textiles (cotton)

* Drugs and Medicine

* Latex, Pitch, Oils, Perfumes & Spices.

3 ways to classify and name plants

-Scientific and botanical systems

-operational systems

-Scientific classification

Scientific and botanical systems

* Kingdoms

* Binomial Nomenclature

operational systems

* Seasonal Growth Cycles

* Stem structure s

* Cytology

- cell type

* Anatomy

internal structures

* Physiology

- Plant functions

* Morphology

- Structural form

> Taxonomic Groups

* Monera

* Protista

* Fungi

* Animalia

* Plantae

* Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Bryophytes

* Liverworts, Hornworts and Mosses

Vascular Plants

* Seedless

* Ferns, Club Mosses, Horsetails.

seeded

* Pinophyta

* Magnoliophyta

Pinophyta

Gymnosperm

Magnoliophyta

Angiosperm

Plant families

* Contain similar morphological characteristics

* Used for identification

* Rosaceae

- Rose Family

* Poaceae

- Grass Family

* Fabaceae

- Legumes or Bean Family

* Lamiaceae

- Mint Family

* Asteraceae

- Aster Family

> Binomial Nomenclature

* Definition - System of naming plants whereby a plant is given a two-part name representing the genus and species.

* Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778

* Swedish Botanist

* In 1753 published Species Plantarum.

* Introduced the binomial nomenclature system of plant classification

* First botanist to organize plants into classes based on floral structure.

* Binary name must be underlined or written in

italics

* Genus name starts with an upper case letter and the species name is written in all lowercase letters

* In technical writing, the binary name is followed by the "authority" or name of person who first described and named the plant.

Rules of plant naming

* The generic name may be used alone to refer to individuals in the group.

* Recognized variations and sub species are also underlined or italicized.

* Cultivar names are not underlined or italicized and enclosed within single ' '

* Cultivar is derived from the term cultivated and variety Product of plan breeding or selection.

* Common vs. Botanical Names

* Differences in Language

* Regional Differences in Plant Names

* Universality of botanical Latin

* Morphology

* External structure of the plant

Histology

* Microscopic structure of the plant.

the cell

* Basic structure and physiological unit of plants

* Discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke while studying cork cells

* Cytology

- branch of biology involved in the study of cell components and their function.

Prokaryotic

* Single celled organisms

* Lack distinct nucleus due to absence of a nuclear membrane.

Eukaryotic cell

* Made up of compartments bounded by membranes each with a specialized structures and functions.

Protoplast

* Living component

* Cytoplasm

* Contains the plant organelles

Chloroplast

* Photosynthesis

Mitochondria

* Respiration

Cell wall

* Protects protoplast

* Provides the physical structure

plant taxonomy

the science of identifying, naming , and classifying plants

binomial nomenclature

system of naming plants where by a plant is given a two-part name representing the genus and species

binary name

must be written in italics or underlined

Genus species rule of plant naming

Genus name starts with an upper case letter and the species name is written in all lower case letters

red maple

acer rubrum

middle lamella

glue cell walls togeter

cultivar names are not ...

written in italics or underlined and enclosed with single ' '

plasmodesmata

connect one cell to another

nucleus

contains the chromosomes

-dna

Vacuole

up to 90% of cell volume

* Meristematic Tissue

Actively dividing cells that differentiate into other tissues

* Found in areas of active growth root and shoot tips.

permanent tissues

-fully differentitiated cells

-Divided into Simple and Complex Tissues

* Shoot Meristems

- at the tips

* Lateral Meristems

- wrap around the stem of plant.

* Apical Meristems

> Shoot meristem found at the end of shoots

> Produce Simples and Complex Tissues

> Produce new buds and leave at the terminus and laterally along stems.

* Opposite

- meristem across from each other

* Alternate

- meristem alternate side to side along stem

* Whorled

- meristem are close together to form a spiral

* Root Meristem

> Found at the tips of roots behind the rot cap

> Produce permanent tissues

> Meristem Patterns

* Tap Root

- main root with few lateral roots

* Fibrous Root

- branches of roots in all directions.

* Subapical Meristem

> Produces new cells in the region a few micrometers behind an active shoot.

> True meristem in that it produces leaves in a rosette form (beets, carrots, lettuce and only elongates at bolting or flowering.)

* Lateral Meristem

> Produces secondary growth often called the vascular cambium producing new xylem and phloem.

> Cork cambium

> Causes increase in stem girth in woody plants = growth rings.

* Permanent Tissues

* Fully differentiated cells

* Divided into Simple and Complex Tissues

* Created in meristems

* Simple tissues

> Uniform, composed of 1 type of cell

* Parenchyma cells

> Found in herbaceous plants, flesh of fruit, swollen roots, and succulents.

> Thin-walled cells with large vacuoles found under the epidermal cells.

> Contain chloroplast and can become Meristematic to heal wounds.

* Collenchyma

> Cells thickened by cellulose

> Found primarily in young stems, leaves and veins of leaves.

* Sclerenchyma

> Thick walled cells found as lignified fibers throughout the plant

> Protoplast dies and becomes nonliving

> Common in stems and bark.

> Epidermis

* Outermost layer of cells on all parts of the plant, but absent from apical and root meristems.

cuticles

is a protecting film covering the epidermis of leaves, young shoots and other aerial plant organs without periderm. It consists of lipid and hydrocarbon polymers impregnated with wax, and is synthesized exclusively by the epidermal cells.

* Trichomes

* Little hairs on the leaves that keep moisture, insects, etc off of the leaves.

* Stomata

* primarily regulate movement of water and gas in and out of the plant. (Little tiny holes)

> Secretory tissue

* Outside of the Plant

* Nectaries

* Produce nectar, to attract insects.

* Osmophores

* Produce odors, good and bad, to attract insects.

* Digestive Glands

* Used inside of coniferous plants Venus flytrap etc.

* Adhesive Cells

* Help climb, used on seed pots to stick to animals

* Inside of the Plant

* Resin Ducts

* Mucilage Cells

-Root cap makes fluid to help push through soils

* Oil Chambers

- Herbs produce these

* Laticifers

- Produce latex

2 primary vascular tissues

phloem

xylum

* Xylem

* Conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to all parts of the plant.

* Tracheids are normally very long.

* Vessels are elements with completely perforated end walls.

* Fibers

* Xylem and Phloem develop together in vascular bundles. Xylem is mainly around the older more centralized vascular tissue.

Phloem

Conduct food and metabolites from leaves to stems flowers, fruit, roots and storage organs

plant organs

* Stems

* Buds

* Leaves

* Roots

* Flowers

* Monocotyledons -

Monocots

* Grasses and grass-like plants

* Dicotyledons

- Dicots

* Broad-leaved plants.

* Cotyledon

*

Seed leaves, first leaf-like structure seen on young plants.

* Contain stored food for the young plant

* Monocots - 1 Cotyledons

plant stems

* Mechanical Supports

> Supporting Leaves, Flowers and Fruit.

* Contains Vascular Tissues

> Water and Nutrients through the Xylem.

> Photosynthate through the Phloem.

* Storage Structure

* Arrangements of vascular tissues vary among plant types.

vines

* They have flexible stems and want to go up or climb.

* They use specific techniques to climbs

> Twine

- it rotates to find a structure to grasp onto

> Poison ivy

- They can take up water to make roots throughout the stem to cling to and climb up a tree or any object.

* Rhizomes and Stolons

* Plants that produce horizontal stems that can go above ground (Stolons) and below ground (Rhizomes).