Chemistry Module 4

Boyle’s law expresses the relationship between which two gas properties?

volume and pressure

What tool is used to measure viscosity

rheometer

Which unit of Temperature is used in gas law calculations?

Kelvin (K)

Charles’s Law expresses a direct relationship between volume and which gas property?

Absolute temperature

In a closed container, the pressure exerted by the vapor above a liquid is known as?

vapor pressure

Avogadro’s Law expresses a direct relationship between which two gas properties?

volume and moles

What is the magnitude of pressure (in atm) exerted on an object at standard temperature and pressure?

1 standard atmosphere (1 atm)

The ideal gas constant (R) you use in a calculation is based on which gas property expressed in the question?

units of pressure, volume, and temperature (PV=nRT)

Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the gasses in that mixture?

Dalton’s law

In a solution, the ______ is dispersed uniformly in the solvent.

solute

You have a solution of salt-water and you add more salt to it. If the salt does not dissolve, how would you describe the solution?

saturated

As the temperature of a solvent increases the solubility, what happens to the solubility of a gas in that liquid?

it decreases

Whose law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of the gas above that liquid?

Henry’s law

What is the name of the solid that forms after two liquids react?

a precipitate

This is the name of a heterogeneous, non-uniform mixture that are different from solutions

suspension

The addition of salt to water will do what to the boiling point of the solution?

increase it

Which process describes the phenomenon where small solute particles can move across a semipermeable membrane?

osmosis

Water movement of water across semi-permeable membranes is known as?

osmosis

The shrinking of a blood cell, as when exposed to a hypertonic solution, is known as?

crenation

A solution that is “tricked” into dissolving more solute than the solubility limit at that temperature is known as a ___________ solution ?

supersaturated

Solutes that dissolve and can pass electrical current are known as?

electrolytes

Ionic compounds that do not contain at least one of the ions are to be considered ________

insoluble

An ionic compound is soluble in water if it contains one of the following

Cations: NH₄⁺

Anions: NO₃^-

Kinetic

• gas particles are in constant random motion

• they fill the space of the container they are in

pressure (P)

the force exerted on the container by the gas

volume (V)

the amount of space available for the gas

temperature (T)

• representation of kinetic energy of particles

• expressed in Kelvins (K=273+c)

number of moles (n)

number of particles of the gas in the container

Boyle’s law

• volume and pressure are inversely proportional

• P_{1 =} P₂

  V₁ V₂

Charle’s law

• volume and temperature are directly proportional

• V_{1 x} V₂

  T₁ T₂

Avogadro’s law

• volume and the number of moles are directly proportional

  V_{1 x} V₂

  n₁ n₂

ideal gas law constant

• relates pressure to volume, volume to moles, and temperature

• PV=nRT

standard temperature pressure (S.T.P)

a set of conditions for experiments to allow comparisons between different sets of data

standard temperature

273.15K (0c)

standard pressure

1 atp

evaporation

• endothermic process

• requires energy

condensation

• exothermic process

• gives off heat

viscosity

• resistance of a liquid to flow

• maple syrup, motor oil

surface tension

• “skin on top of a liquid”

• little bugs can skim along water since they don’t break the skin

solid state

fixed volumes and maintains shape

crystalline solid

regular, repeating arrangement of particles

amorphous solid

• no regular structure of it’s particles

• can be formed when liquids cool too quickly, preventing orderly arrangement of atoms

ionic solids

• composed of oppositely charged ions

• table salt

molecular solid

• individual molecules in a repeating arrangement

• ice, sugar crystals

network solids

• vast arrangement of covalent atoms bonded to another

• quartz, silicon dioxide

metallic solids

network of metal atoms repeating

specific heat

• amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of a substance to 1c

specific heat equation

heat x ∆t

mass

homogeneous solution

looks like one thing

heterogeneous solution

looks like two or more things

solute

present in lesser amount

solvent

present in greater amount

colloids

• homogeneous with large particles

• often opaque

suspensions

heterogeneous with large particles suspended in a liquid

electrolytes

substances which conduct electricity when placed in water

non-electrolytes

do not conduct electricity

strong electrolytes

dissociate (split) and stay dissociated in water

weak electrolytes

only have a small fraction of their molecule dissociate (split) in water

concentration

how much solute is dissolved in a given amount of solvent

weight/volume %

mass of solute/volume of solution (mL) x 100

volume/volume

• number of mL solute in mL of total solution

• volume of solute (mL)__ x100

  volume total solution (mL)

molarity

moles of solute

liters of solution