quiz 7

What is the adult male structure?

testes

What is the adult female structure?

ovaries

After meiosis, what do testes produce?

sperm, 23 chromosomes, haploid

After meiosis, what do ovaries produce?

ovum, 23 chromosomes, haploid

When combined, what do sperm and ovum produce?

zygote, 46 chromosomes, diploid

Another word for sperm and ovum?

gametes

What produces gametes? testes and

ovaries

What zygote will grow into a physically and hormonally mature male?

XY

What zygote will grow into a physically and hormonally mature female?

XX

Male development into adult process?

1. sperm (Y) and ovum (X) combine 2. forms zygote (XY) 3. come into contact with indifferent gonads to form TDF 4. testes are formed 5. has two structures --\> seminiferous tubules --\> interstitial cells

What two functional structures of the male testes develop in the early embryo?

seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells

Where are the indifferent gonads found?

in early embryonic stages

What does TDF result from?

presence of SRY gene on Y chromosome

Female development into adult process?

1. ovum (X) and sperm (X) combine 2. zygote (XX) forms 3. zygote interacts with indifferent gonads (NOT TDF) 4. ovaries formed

When are the ovary follicles formed?

in 3rd trimester

What does TDF stand for?

testes determining factor

True or False: Zygotes for male and female are structurally different

False, the zygotes are structurally the same

What is dependent upon hormone presence?

embryonic structures

What are two hormones present in the testes (XY)?

testosterone and MIF

What two hormones are not present in the ovaries (XX)?

no testosterone and no MIF

Does the paramesonephric (Mullerian Duct) affect male or female embryonic structure?

Male --\> degenerates Female --\> uterus, uterine tubes

Does the mesonephric (testosterone) (wolffian duct) affect male or female embryonic structure?

Male --\> epididymides, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory ducts Female --\> degenerates

Do other embryonic structures (testosterone) affect male or female embryonic structure?

male --\> (test. present) prostate gland, penis, scrotum female --\> (no test.) vagina, labia, clitoris

What are the anatomic systems of male and female structures influenced by?

presence of testosterone and MIF to coordinate chromosomal sex with the physiological and anatomical sex

Where are undifferentiated embryonic structures found?

early stages of development --\> 4, 5, 6 weeks of development

What are the 3 undifferentiated embryonic structures?

phallus (glans is associated), urethral fold, labial scrotal fold

What are the fully developed structures in males when testosterone is present?

1. penial shaft 2. glans penis 3. scrotum (testes enclosed)

What are the fully developed structures in females?

1. labia minora 2. labia majora 3. clitoris

How far along in gestation will the embryo be developed for a difference in structures to be noticed?

12-13 weeks

What are the two gonads that interact?

testes and ovaries

What are the structures that regulate gonadal function?

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

What does the hypothalamus release?

Gonadotropic releasing hormone --\> affects anterior pituitary

What does the anterior pituitary release?

gonadotropic hormones

What are gonadotropic hormones?

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)

True or False: FSH and LH are found in both males and females?

True

What do gonadotropic hormones affect?

gonads

What do gonads (testes and ovaries) secrete?

sex steroids --\> male (testosterone)--\> female (estrogen)

Do sex steroids have a positive or negative affect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

negative effect --\> reduces secretions from hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

What is the sperm pathway?

1. seminiferous tubules 2. straight tubules 3. retes testis 4. efferent ductules 5. epididymis (matures sperm) 6. vas deferens 7. ejaculatory ducts 8. urethra--\> prostate -\> intermediate --\> spongy 9. external urethral orifice

What is the epididymus?

series of coiled tubules where maturation of sperm takes place

What is the vas deferens?

scrotum to abdominal cavity of male through the inguinal canal behind bladder forming an ampulla --\> glans become important here

What is the first gland?

seminal vesicle--\> seminal vesicle and ampulla form next gland

What is the secondary gland?

prostate--\> ejaculatory duct

What happens within the prostate?

secretions of the prostate --\> content of ejaculatory duct, enters into urethra

What structure meets with urethra?

bulbourethral gland

What is the main purpose of all the structures of the male reproductive system?

form and move sperm out of external urethral orifice

Hormonally, where are the important structures in males?

testes --\> presence of seminiferous tubules--\> several tubules are coiled up within testes--\> interstitial cells found between tubules

What would happen if a male was injected with testosterone?

feedback system would stop working --\> large amounts of testosterone would severely affect hypothalamus and anterior pituitary --\> would reduce production of FSH and LH--\> cause shrinking of testes

What is spermatogenesis?

testes produce sperm (entire process)--\> spermatogonia to spermatozoa --\> seminiferous tubules to epididymis

What is spermiogenesis?

development of spermatids into mature spermatozoa --\> occurs in epididymus

Why can males (after puberty) produce sperm for the rest of their life?

always produce spermatogonia

What is it called when some spermatogonia enter meiosis?

primary spermatocytes

primary spermatocytes divide into what?

2 secondary spermatocytes

Secondary spermatocytes go through meiosis and produce what?

4 spermatids

4 spermatids physically mature into what?

spermatozoa

What is spermogenesis?

maturation from spermatid to spermatozoa

What are the structures involved in reproduction in females?

uterus, ovaries, uterine tubes, vagina

What is the function of the uterus?

egg development, menstruation (zygote -\> embryo -\> fully developed offspring)

What is the function of the ovary?

primary sex organ; produces and stores egg, surrounded by fimbriae

egg pathway?

1. ovary produces eggs 2. released into fimbriae (oviduct) 3. travel down uterine tube towards uterus

What happens if copulation takes place?

sperm move into uterus then into uterine tube

Where does fertilization take place?

uterine tube

What is the ovary with follicles?

egg cells travel through uterine tube towards uterus

When is the egg no longer viable?

egg gets to uterine tube (24 hours after ovulation for viable egg)

About how long can sperm last within the female reproductive tract?

between 36-48 hours, can last up to 72 hours

What are the three layers of the uterus?

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

What is the perimetrium?

connective tissue, site of attachment to peritoneal cavity

What is the myometrium?

smooth muscle; contractions during labor to assist delivery of fetus

What is the endometrium?

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

layer that is shed during menstruation

True or False: Females have unlimited number of oogonia?

false

females have limited number?

--\> by age 50, have run out --\> menopause

What happens if the female has had puberty and is not menopausal?

each oogonium will undergo prime changes which leads to formation of an ovum

What is the ovary follicle?

organ responsible for formation of ovum

Ovary follicle overview?

1. follicle grows each menstrual cycle 2. 8-10 follicles per menstruation in each ovary will be stimulated by FSH to grow

(ONLY ONE WILL GROW)

How many offspring is the body structured to carry? 1 --\> more offspring in uterus will cause an increase in the chances of disabillities

What happens when there is a change in estrogen levels?

progesterone (response to FSH and LH levels) regulate when ovulation takes place --\> about day 14 (after onset of bleeding)

What day of the cycle is the day the first menstrual will take place?

1st day of cycle --\> 1st day menstrual takes place

If fertilization occurs, what happens to the menstrual cycle? it is suspended for 9-12 months depending on individual

If fertilization does not occur, what happens to the menstrual cycle?

occurs every month

True or False: The changes in the ovaries are mimicked by the changes in the uterus?

True stratum functionale of uterus -\> changes in hormone levels -\> regulate thickness

What day does fertilization and implantation take place?

20

What are the 4 forms of birth control (hormonal)?

pill, patch, depo provera, nuva ring

How does the birth control pill work?

contains progesterone and estrogen

inhibits ovulation by preventing FSH and LH release

How does depo provera work?

long-acting progestin injected in muscle every 11 weeks

What is the function of the vagina?

childbirth and menstruation

What is the function of the cervix?

"gatekeeper" for uterus

What is the function of the fimbrae?

hairlike projections that help the egg into the fallopian tube

What is the function of the fallopian tube?

site of fertilization

plica circularis

small intestine

villi and microvilli

small intestine

rugae

stomach

microvilli

enzymes embedded

peristalsis

waves, contract circular muscles

amylase

pancreas, salivary glands

breaks down starch to maltose and short chain glucose molecules

pH 6.7-7.0

\

pepsinogen (pepsin)

chief cells (stomach)

breakdown protein to shorter polypeptides

pH 1.6-2.4

lipase

pancreas

breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides

pH 8.0

parietal cells

create HCl

intrusic factor which prevents B12 digestion until SI