JLPT N4 Grammar

間（あいだ）

while; during; between ~

間に（あいだに）

while; during~ something happened

あまり～ない

not very, not much ~

後で（あとで）

after~; later

ば

conditional form; If [A] then [B]

場合は（ばあいは）

in the event of; in the case that ~

ばかり

only; nothing but ~

だけで

just by; just by doing

出す（だす）

to begin to; to start to; to burst into; ... out (e.g. to jump out, to carry out)​

でございます

to be (honorific)

でも

... or something; how about~

ではないか

right?; isn't it?

が必要（がひつよう）

need; necessary

がする

to smell; hear; taste

がり

personality (someone tends to; has a tendency to; has a sensitivity to ~)

がる / がっている

to show signs of; to appear; to feel, to think ~

ございます

to be, to exist (the polite form of いる/ある)

始める（はじめる）

to start; to begin to ~

はずだ

it must be; it should be (expectation)

はずがない

cannot be (impossible)

必要がある（ひつようがある）

need to; it is necessary to

意向形 （いこうけい）

volitional form​; let's do ~

いらっしゃる

to be; to come; to go (polite version)

いたします

to do (polite form of する)

じゃないか

right? isn't it? let's~; confirmation

かどうか

whether or not ~

かしら

I wonder (feminine)

かい

turns a sentence into a yes/no question

かもしれない

might; perhaps; indicates possibility

かな

I wonder; should I?

から作る（からつくる）

made from; made with

きっと

surely; undoubtedly; almost certainly; most likely

頃（ころ / ごろ）

around; about; when

こと

Verb nominalizer

ことがある

there are times when

ことができる

can; able to

ことになる

It has been decided that..; it turns out that..

ことにする

to decide on

くする

to make something ~

急に（きゅうに）

quickly; immediately; hastily; suddenly; abruptly; unexpectedly ~

までに

by; by the time; indicates time limit

まま

as it is; current state; without changing

または

both; or; otherwise​; choice between [A] or [B]

みたいだ

like; similar to; resembling ~

みたいな

like, similar to ~

みたいに

like; similar to ~

も

as many as; as much as; up to; nearly ~

な

don't ~ (order somebody to not do something)

など

such as; things like ~

ながら

while; during; as; simultaneously

なかなか～ない

not easy to; struggling to; not able to ~

なければいけない

must do something; have to do something

なければならない

must do something; have to do something

なら

if; in the case that ~

なさい

do this (soft/firm command)

なさる

to do (honorific)

に気がつく（にきがつく）

to notice; to realize

に見える（にみえる）

to look; to seem; to appear

にする

to make something ~

にくい

difficult to do ~

の中で（のなかで）

in; among ~

のに

although, in spite of, even though ~ ; to (do something); in order to ~

のは〜だ

[A] is [B]; the reason for [A] is [B]

お～ください

please do ~ (honorific)

お～になる

to do (honorific)

おきに

repeated at intervals, every ~

終わる（おわる）

to finish; to end~

られる

potential form; ability or inability to do something

らしい

it seems like; I heard; apparently ~

さ

-ness​ ; nominalizer for adjective

さっき

some time ago; just now

させられる

causative-passive; to be made to do something

させる

causative form; to make/let somebody do something

させてください

please let me do

さすが

as one would expect; as is to be expected; even ~

し

and; and what's more ~ (emphasis)

そんなに

so much; so; like that

それでも

but still; and yet; even so ~

それに

besides; in addition; also; moreover ~

sou da [1]

I heard that; it is said that ~

sou da [2]

looks like; appears like; seeming ~

sou ni / sou na

seems like; looks like ~

ta bakari

just finished; something just occurred

ta tokoro

just finished doing, was just doing

tadoushi & jidoushi

Transitive & Intransitive Verbs

tagaru

wants to do ~ (third person)

tara

if; after; when ~

tara dou

why don't you; how about ~ (used to give advice)

tara ii desu ka

what should I do?; speaker seeking instructions from listener

te / de

conjunctive particle; so; because of [A], [B]...

te ageru

to do for; to do a favor

te hoshii

I want you to; need you to ~

te iku

to start; to continue; to go on

te ita

was doing something (past continuous)

te itadakemasen ka

could you please ~

te kureru

to do a favor; do something for someone

te kuru

to do... and come back; to become; to continue; to start ~

te miru

try doing

te morau

to get somebody to do something

te oku

to do something in advance