Comprehensive Medical Imaging and Diagnosis of Female and Male Reproductive and Skeletal Conditions

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Description: Infection/inflammation of upper female reproductive system (fallopian tubes, endometrium, ovaries, pelvic peritoneum). Most commonly caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea; also staph or strep. Signs/Symptoms: pelvic pain, fever, chills, leukocytosis, nausea, vomiting, purulent discharge. Diagnosis: Sonography. Prognosis: Very treatable; severe abscess may require surgery. Imaging: Sonography, MR. Staging: acute, subclinical, chronic.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

Description: Hyperandrogenic chronic anovulation syndrome with increased follicles; major cause of infertility. Linked to obesity, insulin resistance, stress. Signs/Symptoms: menstrual dysfunction, cystic ovaries, elevated androgens. Diagnosis: Transvaginal sonography—bilateral enlarged ovaries with peripheral cysts. Prognosis: Manageable with treatment. Imaging: Sonography. Stages: 1-insulin resistance; 2-ovarian dysfunction; 3-metabolic changes; 4-advanced complications.

Ovarian Cancer

Description: Malignant ovarian tumors (3% of all female cancers). Signs/Symptoms: asymptomatic early, pelvic pressure, back pain, weight loss, bowel changes, bloating. Diagnosis: CA-125 tumor marker test; imaging with sonography, CT, MR. Prognosis: Stage 1 (70-100%), Stage 2 (50-70%), Stage 3 (20-50%), Stage 4 (10-20%). Imaging: Sonography, CT, MR. Staging: I-ovaries only; II-pelvis; III-abdomen/lymph nodes; IV-distant metastasis.

Endometrial Carcinoma

Description: Very common female cancer; 4th most common in women. Signs/Symptoms: post-menopausal bleeding. Diagnosis: Transvaginal sonography; MR for invasion depth. Prognosis: Good if detected early (82% 5-year survival). Imaging: Sonography, MR. Staging: 1-uterus only; 2-cervix involvement; 3-beyond uterus but in pelvis; 4-beyond pelvis.

Fibroadenoma

Description: Common benign breast tumor; mobile palpable lump. Signs/Symptoms: breast lump. Diagnosis: Mammography + sonography; distinguishes from dysplasia. Prognosis: Excellent; 50-75% resolve spontaneously; surgery for >1.5 cm; cryoablation possible. Imaging: Mammography, sonography.

Breast Carcinoma

Description: Very common malignant breast tumor; major cause of female cancer deaths. Signs/Symptoms: nipple retraction, distorted contour. Diagnosis: Screening mammography; contrast-enhanced MR; PET/NM. Prognosis: Localized (98.6% 5-yr), Regional (84.9%), Distant (25.9%). Imaging: Mammography, MR, PET, NM. Staging: TNM.

Cryptorchidism

Description: Undescended testes; empty scrotal sac. Signs/Symptoms: absent testicle. Diagnosis: Palpation, laparoscopy. Prognosis: Good; surgery if unresolved by 12-24 months. Imaging: Sonography.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Description: Benign prostate enlargement from nodular growth; palpable via rectum. Signs/Symptoms: difficulty starting/stopping urine, weak stream, incomplete emptying. Diagnosis: PSA blood test. Prognosis: Good with treatment; sometimes surgery. Imaging: MR, CT, radiography.

Prostatic Carcinoma

Description: Adenocarcinoma of prostate; common male cancer. Signs/Symptoms: urinary obstruction, enlarged/hard prostate, low back pain (bone mets). Diagnosis: PSA blood test; rectal exam; TRUS/MR for staging. Prognosis: Local/regional 100% 5-yr; distant 28.2%. Imaging: Ultrasound, MR. Staging: TNM.

Testicular Cancer

Description: Most common cancer in men 20-34; includes seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma. Signs/Symptoms: testicular enlargement/hardness. Diagnosis: Sonography + tumor markers (no biopsy). Prognosis: Seminoma 95% (5-yr), Teratoma 50-75% (10-yr), Embryonal carcinoma 35% (10-yr), Choriocarcinoma 10% (10-yr). Imaging: Sonography, CT, PET, MR, bone scan. Staging: TNM.

Osteoporosis

Description: Metabolic bone disorder—loss of trabecular structure, fragility. Signs/Symptoms: back pain, height loss, fractures, kyphosis, weak grip. Diagnosis: Clinical eval, DXA, fracture risk scoring. Prognosis: Good with treatment/lifestyle. Imaging: Radiographs, DXA, MRI, CBCT.

Paget Disease

Description: Chronic abnormal bone remodeling. Signs/Symptoms: bone pain, deformities, fractures, headaches, neuro symptoms. Diagnosis: Bone scan (best for distribution). Prognosis: Often mild; may not need treatment. Imaging: X-ray, CT, MRI.

Acromegaly

Description: Excess GH in adults due to pituitary adenoma. Signs/Symptoms: prominent jaw/forehead, large hands/feet, coarse facial features. Diagnosis: Elevated GH levels; MR for pituitary tumor. Prognosis: Treatable with surgery, meds, radiation. Imaging: MR, radiography.

Type 1 Diabetes

Description: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells → no insulin production. Signs/Symptoms: weight loss, hyperglycemia, polyuria, thirst, hunger. Diagnosis: Blood test. Prognosis: Life expectancy ≈12 years shorter. Imaging: PET, MRI, EPRI.

Type 2 Diabetes

Description: Insulin resistance or inadequate insulin secretion. Signs/Symptoms: same as type 1. Diagnosis: Blood test. Prognosis: Shortened lifespan ≈12 years. Imaging: PET, MRI, EPRI.

Hyperthyroidism

Description: Excess thyroid hormone production. Signs/Symptoms: goiter, fatigue, sweating, hair loss, nervousness, hyperactivity. Diagnosis: Clinical + labs. Prognosis: Treatable. Imaging: Thyroid ultrasound, MR brain if needed.

Hypothyroidism

Description: Low thyroid hormone production; slow metabolism. Signs/Symptoms: fatigue, cold intolerance, dry skin, constipation, weight gain. Diagnosis: Labs, sonography. Prognosis: Good with treatment. Imaging: US, CT, MRI, radioactive iodine uptake.

Spondylolisthesis

Description: Forward slippage of vertebra (often L5-S1). Signs/Symptoms: low back pain, stiffness, possible nerve symptoms. Diagnosis: X-ray (lateral), MRI for nerve issues. Prognosis: Good with conservative care. Imaging: X-ray, CT, MRI.

Spondylolysis

Description: Pars interarticularis defect ("Scotty dog collar"). Signs/Symptoms: back pain worse with extension. Diagnosis: X-ray, CT, MRI. Prognosis: Excellent with rest/PT. Imaging: X-ray, CT, MRI.

Compression Fracture

Description: Vertebral body collapse (trauma or osteoporosis). Signs/Symptoms: pain, height loss, kyphosis. Diagnosis: X-ray (wedge), MRI (acute vs chronic). Prognosis: Good; recurrence risk if osteoporotic. Imaging: X-ray, CT, MRI.

Jefferson Fracture

Description: C1 burst fracture from axial load. Signs/Symptoms: neck pain, limited ROM. Diagnosis: Open-mouth X-ray; CT detailed. Prognosis: Usually stable unless ligament torn. Imaging: X-ray, CT.

Hangman Fracture

Description: C2 pedicle fracture from hyperextension. Signs/Symptoms: neck pain, limited motion. Diagnosis: Lateral X-ray, CT. Prognosis: Good if stable; surgery if unstable. Imaging: X-ray, CT.

Linear Skull Fracture

Description: Non-displaced skull break. Signs/Symptoms: scalp swelling, tenderness. Diagnosis: CT. Prognosis: Excellent. Imaging: CT.

Depressed Skull Fracture

Description: Inward skull fragment displacement. Signs/Symptoms: visible deformity, neuro deficits. Diagnosis: CT. Prognosis: variable; may require surgery. Imaging: CT.

Basilar Skull Fracture

Description: Fracture at skull base. Signs/Symptoms: raccoon eyes, Battle sign, CSF leak. Diagnosis: CT. Prognosis: good; risk infection. Imaging: CT.

Epidural Hematoma

Description: Arterial bleed between skull and dura (middle meningeal artery). Signs/Symptoms: LOC → lucid interval → rapid decline. Diagnosis: CT (lens/biconvex). Prognosis: Emergency; good if treated. Imaging: CT.

Subdural Hematoma

Description: Venous bleed between dura and arachnoid. Signs/Symptoms: gradual headache, confusion. Diagnosis: CT (crescent). Prognosis: varies. Imaging: CT, MRI.

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Description: Bleeding in subarachnoid space. Signs/Symptoms: "worst headache of life." Diagnosis: CT; LP if CT negative. Prognosis: variable. Imaging: CT, CTA.

Intracerebral Hematoma

Description: Bleeding into brain tissue. Signs/Symptoms: focal deficits, vomiting. Diagnosis: CT; MRI later. Prognosis: depends on size/location. Imaging: CT, MRI.

Salter-Harris Fracture

Description: Pediatric growth-plate fracture (Types I-V). Signs/Symptoms: pain near joint. Diagnosis: X-ray, MRI if uncertain. Prognosis: higher types = more growth risk. Imaging: X-ray, MRI.

Colles Fracture

Description: Distal radius fracture w/ posterior displacement ("dinner fork"). Signs/Symptoms: wrist deformity/swelling. Diagnosis: X-ray. Prognosis: good after reduction. Imaging: X-ray.

Smith Fracture

Description: Distal radius fracture w/ anterior displacement. Signs/Symptoms: volar deformity. Diagnosis: X-ray. Prognosis: good with alignment. Imaging: X-ray.

Bennett Fracture

Description: First metacarpal base fracture extending into CMC joint. Signs/Symptoms: thumb pain/swelling. Diagnosis: X-ray. Prognosis: good, often requires fixation. Imaging: X-ray.

Pott Fracture

Description: Distal fibular fracture with ankle dislocation. Signs/Symptoms: pain, swelling, deformity. Diagnosis: X-ray. Prognosis: good with alignment. Imaging: X-ray.

Pneumothorax

Description: Air in pleural space causing lung collapse. Signs/Symptoms: chest pain, dyspnea. Diagnosis: X-ray (visible pleural line); CT for detail. Prognosis: good if treated; tension type is emergency. Imaging: X-ray, CT, ultrasound.