Rutgers Sensation and Perception Exam 2-McGann

Ortho nasal olfaction

smells coming into the nose from the front when you inhale

Retronasal olfaction

smells that come into the nose from the back, such as when chewing and swallowing force an odorant in the mouth up behind the palate into the nose

molecular receptive range

set of odorants that activate a given neuron

combinatorial code

how the nervous system represents the chemical identity of millions of odorants using a thousand receptor types

pheromones

external chemical agents that compel cellular or organismal behavior in another individual

global gain control

global modulation of input strength

segregation into glomeruli

based on odor response characteristics determined by odor receptor expression

contextual gain control

Allows global modulation of input strength based on non-olfactory information

Associative learning

linking two stimuli, or events, that occur together

olfactory prediction

when is a given odor expected,and how could that affect odor processing, attention, and perception?

non-olfactory modulation

What changes in the old factory system when the ROB is in different overall states

adaptive responses

sensory changes to adjust to stimuli as they are encountered

anticipatory responses

sensory changes that occur when a stimulus is expected

ongoing responses

Sensory changes that last indefinitely

discriminative

fear conditioning yields odor-specific fear and odor-specific increases in OSN output

amplitude

magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave

intensity

amount of sound energy falling on a unit area

frequency

for sound, the number of times per second that a pattern of pressure repeats

otitis media

infection in the middle ear

myringotomy

surgical procedure that opens tympanic membrane to relive fluid/pressure

pinnae

sounds are first collected from the environment

tympanic membrane

eardrum; thin sheet of skin at the end of the outer ear canal; vibrates in response to sound

ossicles

three tiny bones that amplify and transmit sounds to the inner ear

malleus

receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane and is attached to the incus

incus

the middle ossicle

stapes

conncted to the incus on one end and the oval window on the cochlea on the other

oval window

border between middle and inner ear; vibrations transferred from bony ossicles into fluid-filled cochlea

amplification

provided by ossicles, essential to ability to hear faint sounds

acoustic reflex

helps protect ear against hazardously loud sounds

tensor tympani and stapedius

muscles in middle ear that decrease ossicle vibration when tensed; make sound muffled to protect inner ear

cochlea

tightly coiled spiral structure of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti; long tube with three parallel channels (canals) filled with watery fluids

organ of Corti

transduces vibrations into neural signals; structure of basilar membrane of cochlea composed of hair cells and dendrites of auditory nerve fibers

hair cells

cells that support the stereocilia that transduce mechanical movement in the cochlea and vestibular organs into neural activity send to the brain stem; some hair cells receive inputs from brain

stereocilia inner hair cells

convey almost all information about sound waves to the brain (use different fibers)

stereocilia outer hair cells

convey information from the brain (using efferent fibers); involved in an elaborate feedback system

tectorial membrane

gelatinous structure attached on one end that extends into middle canal of ear; floating above inner hair cells and touching outer hair cells

stereocilia

Hairlike extensions on the tips of hair cells in the cochlea that initiate the release of neurotransmitters when they are flexed

top down

mental models know things; expectation and knowledge of the world to mislead

bottom up

getting something can i interpret; analysis of real sensory input from the world

McGurk Effect

famous demo where visual image of somebody speaking changes the perception of the voice we are hearing

good continuation

Gestalt grouping rule stating that two elements will tend to group together if they lie in the same contour

depth cues

mostly likely interpretations determine perception

place code

tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies; inner hair cells tell info about where frequency is along cochlear partition for incoming sound

inner hair cells

convey almost all info about sound waves to brain

outer hair cells

convey info from brain; involved in elaborate feedback system

phase locking

firing of single neuron at one distinct point in cycle of sound waves at given frequency

temporal code

tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies, incoming sound wave is coded by timing of neural firings related to period of sound

volley principle

multiple neurons can provide temporal code for frequency if each neuron fires at distinct point in period of a sound wave

cochlear nucleus

afferent auditory nerve fibers synapse

superior olive

first place where info from left and right ear converge; brain stem region in auditory pathway

inferior colliculus

filters out irrelevant sounds

medial geniculate nucleus

part of thalamus relays auditory signals to temporal cortex and receives input from auditory cortex

primary auditory cortex (A1)

first cortex that gets info from peripheral; process acoustic organization

belt area

neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds

parabelt area

neurons respond to more complex characteristics; input from other sense

tonotopic organization

arrangement of neurons that respond to different frequencies organized automatically in order of frequency

psychoacoustics

the study of the psychological correlates of the physical dimensions of acoustics; a branch of psychophysics

audibility threshold

barely audible tones of varying frequencies

equal loudness curve

graph plotting sound pressure level against the frequency for when listener perceives constant loudness

temporal integration

sound at constant level is perceived as being loud when it has greater duration (frequency)

synesthesia

stimulation of one sensory system evokes a sensation not only in the stimulated system but in another system

color-graphemic synesthesia

letters and numbers evoke distinctive colors

spatial-sequence synesthesia

individual elements in a sequence (numbers, days of the week, corresponding locations in 3D space)

sound-color synesthesia

sounds evoke visual image of corresponding colors

numerical-spatial synesthesia

numbers are perceived to have specific spatial positions

stroop interference task

letters are shown in different colors; if the letter usually appears to a person as blue, showing it to the person in red will delay their recognition.

-Similar to how writing the word blue in the color red will delay our recognition of the word blue

pop-out

color association features in visual search ex: an S in a field of 5s would stick out to someone who perceives them as a different color

priming

if the letter A is normally red then seeing A will improve synesthete reaction time on naming the color of a red square compared to a blue square

pruning

connections between cortices or cortex (auditory or visual) and thalamus were not taken away during development

gating

something that should hurt (have a neural reaction) doesn't; the signal gets blocked out or go through unnormal places

frequency channels in parallel

different frequency sounds are detected in different places at the same time

parallel processing

many information streams (frequencies) are being analyzed at the same time independently of each other

conductive hearing loss

caused by problems from bones of the middle ear

otosclerosis

abnormal growth of middle ear bones;

sensorineural hearing loss

caused by problems in the cochlea or auditory nerve; damages hair cells

ototoxic

drug that is damaging to hair cells

hearing aids

electronic devices that are worn to correct a hearing loss

place code of frequency

electric shocks to stimulate the right part of the cochlea

azimuth

direction from you to something else from the center point of your head

elevation

how up or down something is

interaural time difference

the difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other

medial superior olive (MSO)

relay station in brain stem; inputs of both ears contribute to detecting ITD

interaural level difference (ILD)

difference in the level of intensity of sound arriving to one ear vs another

lateral superior olive (LSO)

a relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to detection of the interaural level difference (ILDs)

cone of confusion

region of position in space where all sounds produce the same ITDs and ILDs

head-related transfer function

how size and shape of ears, azimuth, and elevation of sound interact to change the content of sound before it reaches the eardrum