Sudarshan Mahesh CHAPTER 4: Intergumentary System

What are the five functions of the skin?

Protection, sensory organ, temperature regulation, synthesis of vitamin D, and melanin production

What are the two ways the skin regulates temperature?

Sweat glands, blood flow through the cutaneous

What happens when your skin becomes flushed?

Increased blood flow to skin

What happens when you skin becomes pallid?

Decreased blood flow to skin

How is vitamin D synthesized in the body?

Calciferol absorption of Ca2+ in small intestine to be stored in your bones

What does calciferol do?

Promotes calcium absorption

What are the different openings of the skin into the interior of the body?

Mouth, nostril, anus, urethral canal, vaginal canal

What does strata mean?

Level

What is keratin?

A hardening protein

What is keratinocytes?

Hardening cells

What strata are keratinocytes found?

Stratified squamous

What strata are in the basale or germinativum layer?

Melanocytes

What are external pressures on the hands called?

calluses

What are external pressures on the feet called?

Corns

What is a common term for friction ridges?

Fingerprints

What are the two functions of friction ridges?

Grasping and traction

What type of connective tissue makes up the dermis?

Irregularly arranged dense fibrous connective tissue

What are papillary folds?

Finger-like projections of the papillary layer of the dermis that extend upward into the epidermis

What does interdigitate mean?

To interlock

What does subcutaneous mean?

Below the skin

What does hypodermis mean?

The innermost layer of skin, also known as the subcutaneous tissue

What does subcutaneous tissue attach the skin to?

Muscles and bones

What are the three types of hair?

Lanugo, down hair, terminal (adult) hair

What is lanugo?

Fetal hair or baby hair

What is down hair?

Light colored hair of a child?

What is terminal (adult) hair?

Thicker, darker hair

When does terminal hair appear?

Begins to grow at puberty

Where are sebaceous glands located?

In the skin

What muscles causes goosebumps?

Visceral muscle

What are the two things that cause piloerection?

Cold, and freighteneed

What are the five different glands on the integument?

Oil, sweat, scent, wax an mammary

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

Secrete oil

What is the medical term for oil?

Sebum

Where are sebaceous glands located?

Necks of the hair follicle

What causes the secretion of oil?

By estrogen and testosterone

What are sudoriferous glands?

Sweat glands

Where are the sudoriferous glands NOT located?

Lips, ears, and nipples

What is sweat made up of?

Water, salt, and waste product (urea)

Where are sweat glands located?

Everywhere but the lips, ears, and nipples

What are ceruminous glands?

Wax glands

Where are ceruminous glands located?

External auditory meatus (outer ear)

What are areolar regions?

Loose connective tissue that support and cushion organs.

What is the function of areolar glands

Lubricate and protect the nipple.

What is colostrum?

First milk, rich in antibodies.

What is breast milk made up of?

Water, fat, protein, carbs, antibodies.

When does breast milk come in?

2–5 days after birth.

Why are there no blood vessels in the epidermis of the skin?

Nourished by diffusion from dermis.

What is the medical term for bruises?

Ecchymosis

What are the three types of sensory nerve fibers in the skin?

Touch, pain, temperature.

What does innervate mean?

Supply with nerves.

What protein makes up the nail?

Keratin

What are six viral infections of the skin?

Herpes, warts, shingles, chickenpox, molluscum, measles

What does patho- mean?

Disease

What is the treatment for most viral infections?

Vaccination

What are three examples of bacterial infections of the skin?

Pimples, acne, chancre

What are pimples and boils?

Pimples = clogged pores; boils = deep follicle infection.

What is the treatment for bacterial infections of the skin?

Antibiotics

What are four fungal infections of the skin?

Ringworm, athlete’s foot, crotch eczema, vaginal yeast infection

What are allergies?

Immune reaction to harmless substances.

What does innocuous mean?

Harmless

How do you treat allergic reactions?

antihistamines

What are moles?

Pigmented elevation of the skin

What is keratosis?

Skin tags

What are bedsores?

Decubitus ulcers

What is albinism?

Lack of melanin.

What is jaundice?

Yellow skin/eyes from bilirubin.

What are keloids?

Connective tissue sac mass resulting from a traumatic injury or burn

What are the three types of burns?

First, second, third degree.

What level of skin do first-degree burns affect?

Epidermis

What level of skin do second-degree burns affect?

Epidermis + dermis

What level of skin do third-degree burns affect?

All skin layers + tissue.

What are the rules of nines used for?

Estimate burn surface area.