AP Human Geography Units 1 and 2 CONDENSED Review

mercator

for navigation of the earth onto a cylinder Distorts the land area at the poles, but shapes are fine

goode homolosine

interrupted map with portions of oceans cut out, preserves area/shapes of landmasses* interrupts the oceans & directions

Interrupted map

Cuts out portions of the oceans

Uninterrupted map

map that's not broken up, shows entirety of earth

robinson projection

shows entire world, maintaining overall shape but isnt 100% accurate w/ shapes/sizes/everything

gall peters projection

looks stretched out & distorts shape of landmasses

WTR: gall sounds like TALL. think stretched out

reference map

People refer to for general info abt places

topographic map

contour lines to show terrain/elevation in area

absolute direction

exact direction someones heading

relative direction

given in relation to another object's current location (ie. im facing that door)

absolute distance

exact distance between 2 objects/places (ie. miles/km)

relative distance

approx measurement btwn 2 places

thematic map

spatial patterns of places & w/ quantitative data to display specific topic

ie. election results

choropleth map

uses color to show data

dot density map

dots to represent frequency of something in an area

spatial analysis

looking @ connection btwn places & features to explain human behaviour

graduated symbol map

uses 1 symbol but w/ diff sizes to show frequencies

WTR: graduating = growing up = growing in size

isoline map

lines connecting points w equal values

cartogram map

distorts sizes of places for a specific statistic

flow line map

uses lines to show movement between locations

remote sensing

capturing images of earth from air devices, used for land use patterns, weather & natural disaster impacts

geographic information system

computer system organizing, storing, analyzing, displaying geographic data

global positioning system

precise position of something w/ satellites, receivers. used for navigation, tracking object position & location

geospatial technologies

technologies capturing images, recording positions, storing geographic data

field observations

observe ppl in real locations/situations (workplaces, homes)

personal interviews

asking specific questions to someone apart of specific culture

media reports

articles posted by newpapers/magazines

gov documents

reports, censuses, data, statistics posted by gov

travel narratives

writings describing author's journey to distant place, describing habits, ppl, wildlife

landscape analysis

field observation, aerial photography, spatial data to gather info on landscapes

census

gov doc collecting info/data on population, race, sex, age

physical characteristics

mountains, land, water

human characteristics

boundaries, culture, activities, settlements, language, religion

sense of place

emotions/attitudes connected to specific area

placelessness

loss of uniqueness in a certain place. everything looks same bc globalization & urbanization

spatial association

degree of which 2 or more places share similar distributions

time space compression

reduction of time it takes for something to get from one place to another bc technology & globalization

distance decay

farther 2 things are, less they'll interact (WTR: think of a best friend moving away)

environmental determinism

nat environmental determines culture (ie. antarctica is so so cold so there's no culture)

environmental possibilism

nat environmental can limit society but not culture (ie. las vegas was too hot to live but AC fixed that)

renewable resources

used over & over bc they can get replaced

nonrenewable resources

can't regrow/replace

sustainablity

using earth's resources in a way that will allow future generations to use them too

scale of analysis

observing data based on global/national/regional/local scale

subnational scale example

american states

agricultural land use

cultivation/farming

industrial land use

manufacturing, warehosuese

commerical land use

priv businesses & selling/buying products (retail)

residential land use

housing, apartments

recreational land use

spare time activities, sports, golf

transportation land use

parking lots, airports

small scale maps

large areas, less detail (zoomed SMALLY)

large scale maps

small areas, big detail (zoomed LARGELY)

global scale of analysis

entire world, but must show data EVERYWHERE

regional scale of analysis

continents & world regions

local scale of analysis

states, districts

national scale of analysis

one or more countries

formal region

official boundaries based on one or more shared characteristics (political entities)

functional region

organized around focal point, defined by activity happening across area (delivery areas, mall)

vernacular region

area ppl believe exists as part of cultural identity (middle east)

regional boundaries have the issue of

overlapping

logistic growth

rapid exponential population growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth until size lvls

urban sprawl

expansion of cities/urban areas into rural/undeveloped regions

ecumene

areas occupied by human settlement

subsistence agriculture

farmers provide for their family w/ agriculture

enclosure movement

enclosing common lands into individual holdings

primary sector

gets raw materials from natural environment

secondary sector

transforms raw materials to manufactured goods

tertiary sector

offer services rather products (ie. lawyer)

epimdemiology

studying distribution/patterns of disease in population

physical population density

# of ppl supported by arable land

stage 1 of demographic transition model

high CBR and CDR. low growth.

demographic transition model stage 2

high growth, starting to industrialize

demographic transition model stage 3

decreasing growth, with declining CBR and CDR.

stage 4 demographic transition model

post-industrialized, low CBR, low CDR. modern countries

epidemiological transition model stage 1

epidemics, famine, death

epidemiological transition model stage 2

fewer deaths, less pandemics

epidemiological transition model stage 3

degenerative & chronic disease

epidemiological transition model stage 4

fighting degenerative disease

chain migration

migrate bc relatives/ppl/nationality or sponsoring a family members immigration

forced migration

migrant has no choice but move (slavery, child labor, trafficking)

internal migration

permanent move within same country

transhumance

seasonal movement of livestock migration

zero population growth

CDR = CBR

disposable income

income remaining after taxes & necessities to be spent

pandemic

worldwide spread of disease

epidemic

specific region spread of disease

endemic

local spread of disease (ie. malaria in africa)

degenerative disease

disease continuing to worsen over time

malthusian catastrophe

if population exceeds capacity, then war/famine/disease (aka checks) will happen bc population can't be supported. population then crashes back to normal levels

arithmetic growth

increase by a constant number each time (1,2,3,4)

exponential growth

increase by constant factor each time (1,5,25,125)

step migration

meet destination thru small steps (small town,big town, small city, large city)

gravity model

use of service @ a location is related to # of ppl there, and the distance ppl must travel to reach it.

replacement rate

# of births needed to maintain population @ current

elderly dependency ratio

over 65 ÷ 100 ppl btwn 15-64

child dependency ratio

under 14 ÷ 100 ppl btwn 15-64

agricultural density

# of farmers ÷ total arable land

arithmetic density

# of ppl ÷ total land area

physiological density

# of ppl ÷ total arable land