Week 1 Lab BIO 207

anatomical position

body is erect, facing forward, arms are straight and at the sides of the body with the palms facing forward, the legs are straight with the feet facing forward and flat

supine position

body is horizontal and lying on the back

prone position

body is horizontal and lying on the stomach

head

consists of the skull and the face

neck

connects the head to the trunk

trunk

consists of the chest, the abdomen, the pelvis, and the back

upper limb

consists of the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand

lower limb

consists of the buttocks, groin, thigh, leg, and foot

ante-

before or in front of

cubit-

elbow

-al

pertaining to

stern

chest

axial

pertaining to the central part of the body, the head and the trunk

cephalic

pertaining to the head

cranial

pertaining to the portion of the skill surrounding the brain

facial

pertaining to the face

frontal

pertaining to the forehead

orbital

pertaining to the eye

otic

pertaining to the ear

nasal

pertaining to the nose

buccal

pertaining to the cheek

oral

pertaining to the mouth

mental

pertaining to the chin

occipital

pertaining to the back of the head

cervical

pertaining to the neck

thoracic

pertaining to the chest

sternal

pertaining to the breast bone

pectoral

pertaining to the chest

mammary

pertaining to the breast

umbilical

abdominal

pertaining to the abdomen

coxal

pertaining to the hip

pelvic

pertaining to the pelvis

pubic

pertaining to the genital region

dorsal

pertaining to the back

scapular

pertaining to the shoulder blade region

vertebral

pertaining to the spinal column

lumbar

pertaining to the area of the back between the lowest rib and buttocks

appendicular

pertaining to the extremities or limbs

acromial

pertaining to the highest point of the shoulder

axillary

pertaining to the armpit

brachial

pertaining to the arm

antecubital

pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow

olecranal

pertaining to the posterior surface of the elbow

antebrachial

pertaining to the forearm

carpal

pertaining to the wrist

manual

pertaining to the hand

digital

pertaining to the fingers or toes

inguinal

pertaining to the groin where the thigh attaches to the pelvis

gluteal

pertaining to the buttocks

femoral

pertaining to the thigh

patellar

pertaining to the anterior knee (kneecap) region

popliteal

pertaining to the posterior surface of the knee

crural

pertaining to the anterior surface of the leg

fibular

pertaining to the lateral side of the leg

sural

pertaining to the posterior surface of the leg

tarsal

pertaining to the ankle

pedal

pertaining to the foot

plantar

pertaining to the sole of the foot

calcaneal

pertaining to the heel

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior (ventral)

closer to the front of the body

posterior (dorsal)

closer to the back of the body

medial

Closer to the midline of the body

lateral

farther from the midline of the body

intermediate

between two structures

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

proximal

nearer to the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk or nearer to the origin of a structure

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial

near the surface

deep

farther from the surface

sagitta

arrow

sagittal planes

pass vertically through the body or organs and divide them into right and left sections

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

parasagittal plane

divides the body into unequal left and right parts

frontal/coronal plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

transverse

divides body into superior and inferior

oblique planes

pass through the body at an angle

longitudinal section

sections that are produced by a plane running along the long axis of a long narrow structure

cross section

sections that are produced by a plane running perpendicular to the long axis

cardiovascular system

transports nutrients, chemical messengers, gases, and wastes in blood; major organs are the heart and blood vessels

respiratory system

adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from the blood; produces sound; maintains body fluid pH; major organs are the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs

digestive system

breaks down food into units that can be absorbed by the body, eliminates wastes and non-digestible fiber in food; major organs are the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, and the gallbladder

urinary

removes nitrogenous wastes; maintains body fluid volume, pH, and electrolyte levels through urine production; major organs are kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

integumentary system

provides a protective barrier for the body and aids in production of vitamin D; eliminates some waste; contains sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature; fat provides insulation; major organs are the skin and skin structures

lymphatic and immune system

returns fluid to blood; carries dietary lipids from GI tract to blood; detects and eliminates disease-causing organisms; major organs are the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and the tonsils

skeletal system

protects major organs; provides levers and support for body movement; bone marrow contains stem cells that produce blood cells, and is site for maturation of lymphocytes; major organs are bones and cartilage

muscular system

moves bones and maintains posture; major source of body heat; major organs include skeletal muscles and tendons

nervous

controls cell function with electrical signals; helps control body homeostasis; major organs include the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs

endocrine

controls cell function with hormones; helps control body homeostasis; major organs include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thymus, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes

reproductive system

produces gametes and sex hormones; female uterus provides environment for development of fetus; major organs in males include testes, ductus deferens and the penis; major organs in females include the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and the vagina

cranial cavity

contains the brain and is continuous with the vertebral cavity

vertebral cavity

canal that contains the spinal cord

vertebra

back

thoracic cavity

space enclosed by the ribs, sternum, and vertebral column

pericardial cavity

contains the heart

cardia

heart

pleural cavities

contain the lungs