Philippine and World Literature

Philippine Literature

Literary works created in the Philippines or by Filipino authors.

Pre-colonial Period

Oral literature before foreign influence.

Bugtong

Riddle.

Salawikain

Proverb expressing wisdom.

Epics

Long narrative poems about heroes.

Spanish Period

Literature focused on religion and colonization.

Doctrina Cristiana

First printed book in the Philippines.

Pasyon

Religious narrative poem about Christ's passion.

Corridos

Metrical romances.

Awit

Narrative poem usually about chivalry.

Propaganda Literature

Reformist works during Spanish rule.

American Period

Development of modern literary forms.

Japanese Period

English banned; Filipino poetry flourished.

Contemporary Period

Literature on realism, identity, and social issues.

World Literature

Literature from cultures around the world.

Greek Literature

Includes Iliad and Odyssey.

British Literature

Includes Shakespeare's works.

American Literature

Works of authors like Mark Twain and Harper Lee.

Asian Literature

Includes Tao Te Ching and Tale of Genji.

African Literature

Includes Things Fall Apart.

Main Idea

Central point of a text.

Supporting Details

Information supporting the main idea.

Inference

Conclusion made from evidence + prior knowledge.

Context Clues

Hints that define unfamiliar words.

Protagonist

Main character.

Antagonist

Opposes the protagonist.

Static Character

Does not change.

Dynamic Character

Undergoes major change.

Setting

Time, place, atmosphere.

Plot

Sequence of events.

Exposition

Introduction of characters and setting.

Rising Action

Events building conflict.

Climax

Turning point.

Falling Action

Events after the climax.

Resolution

Ending.

Theme

Central message or lesson.

Tone

Author's attitude.

Mood

Reader's emotional feeling.

First Person POV

Uses "I" or "we."

Second Person POV

Uses "you."

Third Person Limited

Narrator knows one character's thoughts.

Third Person Omniscient

Narrator knows all thoughts.

Synonym

Words with similar meanings.

Antonym

Words with opposite meanings.

Homonyms

Words with same spelling/sound, different meanings.

Denotation

Literal meaning.

Connotation

Emotional or cultural meaning.

Noun

Name of a person, place, or thing.

Pronoun

Replaces a noun.

Verb

Action or state.

Adjective

Describes a noun.

Adverb

Describes a verb or adjective.

Preposition

Shows relationships.

Conjunction

Connects ideas.

Interjection

Expresses emotion.

Subject-Verb Agreement

Singular subject = singular verb; plural subject = plural verb.

Active Voice

Subject performs action.

Passive Voice

Subject receives action.

Fragment

Incomplete sentence.

Run-on Sentence

Two complete ideas joined incorrectly.

Comma Splice

Two independent clauses joined by a comma.

Simile

Comparison using like or as.

Metaphor

Direct comparison.

Personification

Giving human traits to nonhuman things.

Hyperbole

Extreme exaggeration.

Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds.

Onomatopoeia

Words that imitate sounds.

Irony

Expectation vs reality.

Poetry

Writing in verse.

Fiction

Imaginary stories.

Drama

Writing meant to be performed.

Nonfiction

Factual writing.

Folk Literature

Traditional oral stories.

José Rizal

Author of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

Nick Joaquin

Author of May Day Eve and The Woman Who Had Two Navels.

Lualhati Bautista

Author of Dekada '70.

Francisco Balagtas

Author of Florante at Laura.

F. Sionil José

Author of The Rosales Saga.

William Shakespeare

Author of Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet.

Homer

Author of Iliad and Odyssey.

Leo Tolstoy

Author of War and Peace.

Gabriel García Márquez

Author of One Hundred Years of Solitude.

George Orwell

Author of 1984 and Animal Farm.

Literacy Advocacy

Promoting reading, writing, and education.

Importance of Literacy

Improves thinking, communication, and opportunities.

Issues in Literacy

Declining reading habits, gadget dependence, lack of books.

Ways to Promote Literacy

Book drives, reading programs, digital stories.

Read Today, Lead Tomorrow

Literacy slogan.

A Book a Day Keeps Ignorance Away

Literacy slogan.

Literacy is Power

Literacy slogan.