Transcription and Translation

What is an exon

Coding regions of a gene that remains mature mRNA, then translated into a protein

Wha are introns

During RNA processing, they are cut out

What is pre mRNA

Has a cap and tail attached to pre-intron to help for a protect from deregulation

What is transcription

DNA to RNA

What happens at initiation of transcription

• DNA polymerase bind to perimeter region on DNA

• DNA unwinds at helicase

• Replication fork opens DNA

What happens at elongation of transcription

• RNA polymerase move along DNA 3 prime

• Builds mRNA 5’ to 3’ using complementary base pairs

• T is now U

What happens at termination of transcription

• RNA polymerases reaches terminal signal

• mRNA is released

What happens at termination of translation

• Stop codon is reached

• Proton, then released and ribosome is detached

• Many ribosomes work at the same time

What happens at elongation of translation

• tRNA brings amino acids

• Ribosome moves codon to codon

• Peptide bonds form between amino acids

What happens at initiation of translation

• Ribosomes bind to mRNA

• Start codon AUG is recognized

• tRNA binds to small than large ribosome parts

What are the three types of RNA

• Messenger RNA

• Transfer RNA

• Ribosomal RNA

What is mRNA

• Carries protein blueprint from DNA to ribosome

• Has pre mRNA

What is tRNA

• carries amino acids to ribosomes

• Has an anticodon at end

• Amino acid attachment site at top

• 60 types of specific anticodons

What is rRNA

• With certain proteins to help make ribosomes

What is translation

mRNA to proteins (a.a)

What happens in prokaryotes at transcription

• Occurs in cytoplasm

• One RNA polymerases

• Immediate reaction

What happens in eukaryotes at transcription

• Occurs in the nucleus

• RNA polymerase two makes RNA

• Needs to proceed before translation

• Introns removed → mature RNA

What happens in eukaryotes at translation

• Occurs in cytoplasm and rough ER

• Happens after transcription

• Has larger ribosomes 80s

What happens in prokaryotes at transcription

• Occurs in cytoplasm

• Can happen at the same time as transcription

• Has smaller ribosomes 70s

What happens after proteins are made

Goes to ribosome → Rough ER → vesicles → Golgi apparatus → vesicles → plasma membrane