HSC 214 exit quiz 11

Pericardial sac

Description: Sac composed of the fibrous and parietal pericardium that anchors the heart to the diaphragm and sternum

Relationship: N/A

Fibrous pericardium

Description: Fibrous connective tissue on the outer surface of the pericardial sac

Relationship: Usually covered in adipose tissue

Parietal pericardium

Description: Thin, serous membrane fused to the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

Relationship: Shiny and smooth inner layer of the pericardial sac

Pericardial cavity

Description: Potential space between the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium (epicardium)

Relationship: Parietal and visceral pericardium (epicardium) membranes are lined with serous fluid

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

Description: Thin serous membrane fused to the surface of the heart

Relationship: Directly on the surface of the heart

Myocardium

Description: Thick, middle muscular layer between the endocardium and epicardium

Relationship: Muscle (myo-) of the heart-cardiac muscle

Endocardium

Description: Thin, internal layer of the heart

Relationship: Walls of all heart chambers are lined with endocardium

Base of heart

Description: Superior aspect of the heart

Relationship: Where great blood vessels enter and exit the heart (aorta/superior vena cava/pulmonary trunk)

Apex of heart

Description: Blunt tip of the left ventricle

Relationship: Surface projection at the left 5h intercostal space along the mid-clavicular line. Best place of hear and palpate heart beat.

Sternocostal surface

Description: Anterior surface of the heart

Relationship: Surface of the heart in contact with the sternum

Diaphragmatic surface

Description: Posterior and inferior surface of the heart

Relationship: Surface of the heart in contact with the diaphragm

Inferior vena cava

Description: Vein draining blood from everything inferior of the diaphragm into the heart

Relationship: Terminates into the right atrium. Largest vein of the body

Superior vena cava

Description: Vein draining blood from the head and upper limbs into the heart

Relationship: Terminates into the right atrium. Formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins

Ascending aorta

Description: Artery extending from the left ventricle where the coronary blood vessels originate.

Relationship: Continues as the arch of the aorta. Located posterior to the pulmonary trunk.

Pulmonary trunk

Description: Carries low oxygen blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Relationship: Terminates into the pulmonary arteries. Located anterior to the ascending aorta.

Pulmonary arteries

Description: Vessels taking low oxygen blood to the lungs from the pulmonary trunk

Relationship: Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs

Pulmonary veins

Description: Vessels bringing high oxygen blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Relationship: Carries oxygenated blood back to heart

Auricle of heart

Description: Lumpy and wrinkled flap (ear-like extensions) of the atria

Relationship: Allows for the atria to expand when filling with blood

Anterior interventricular sulcus

Description: Groove on the anterior surface of the heart between the left and right ventricles

Relationship: Contains the anterior interventricular artery and great cardiac vein

Posterior interventricular sulcus

Description: Groove on the posterior surface of the heart between the left and right ventricles

Relationship: Contains the posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein

Coronary (atriventricular) sulcus

Description: Groove separating the atria from the ventricles

Relationship: Contains the right and left coronary arteries, circumflex artery, and coronary sinus

Left coronary artery

Description: Arises from the ascending aorta and passes between the pulmonary trunk and left auricle

Relationship: Lies in the coronary sulcus

Anterior interventricular (descending) artery (LAD)

Description: Passes between the left and right ventricle in the anterior interventricular sulcus toward the apex of the heart

Relationship: Supplies the right and left ventricles and two thirds of the interventricular septum

Circumflex artery

Description: Passes from the anterior to posterior surface of the heart in the coronary sulcus

Relationship: To bend (-flex) around (circum-). Supplies the posterior surface of the left atrium and left ventricle

Right coronary artery

Description: Arises from the ascending aorta and passes between the pulmonary trunk and right auricle

Relationship: Lies in the coronary sulcus

Posterior interventricular (descending) artery (PAD)

Description: Branch of the right coronary artery traveling between the left and right ventricle in the posterior interventricular sulcus

Relationship: Supplies the left and right ventricles and interventricular septum

Right marginal artery

Description: Branch of the right coronary artery on the anterior surface of the right ventricle extending toward the apex

Relationship: Supplies the right ventricle

Coronary sinus

Description: Major vein draining the heart located on the posterior surface in the coronary sulcus

Relationship: Drains all coronary veins into the right atrium

Great cardiac vein

Description: Vein traveling from the apex of the heart with the anterior interventricular artery to the coronary sinus

Relationship: Drains the left and right ventricles and left atrium

Atria

Description: Thin, smooth walled chambers that carry blood to the ventricles

Relationship: Superior to the coronary sinus

Right atrium

Description: Chamber forming the right, superior margin of the heart

Relationship: Receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus

Left atrium

Description: Chamber forming the left, posterior margin of the heart

Relationship: Receives blood from the pulmonary veins

Ventricles

Description: Thicker, muscular walled chambers that pump blood to the pulmonary and systemic circuits

Relationship: Inferior to the coronary sulcus

Right ventricle

Description: Chamber forming the right, inferior margin of the heart

Relationship: Pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart to the pulmonary circuit (lungs)

Left ventricle

Description: Chamber forming the left, apex margin of the heart

Relationship: Pumps oxygenated blood from the heart into the aorta and systemic circuit

Interventricular septum

Description: Thick, muscular partition separating the left and right ventricles

Relationship: N/A

Chordae tendineae

Description: Fibrous strands that attach the atrioventricular valve cusps to the papillary muscles

Relationship: "Heart strings" that prevent the atrioventricular valve cusps from being forced into the atria during ventricular contraction

Papillary muscle

Description: Cone shaped muscular projections attaching the chordae tendineae to the walls of the ventricles

Relationship: Helps to assure proper closure of the atrioventricular valves and prevents backflow (regurgitation) of blood into the atria

Trabeculae carneae

Description: Irregular ridges of cardiac muscle on the inner walls of the ventricles

Relationship: Web-like appearance

Fossa ovalis

Description: Oval shaped depression in the intra atrial septum of the right atrium

Relationship: Fetal remnant of the foramen ovale which shunted blood from the right to left atrium in order to bypass lungs

Ligamentum arteriosum

Description: Fibrous cord connecting the arch of the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Relationship: Fetal remnant of the ductus arteriosus that shunted blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch in order to bypass the lungs

Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve

Description: Valve with three cusps between the right atrium and ventricle

Relationship: Atrioventricular valves are open during ventricular diastole (filling)

Left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral) valve

Description: Valve with two cusps between the left atrium and ventricle

Relationship: The order of the Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves can be remembered by "Try before you Buy"

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Description: Valve with three cusps at the base of the pulmonary trunk

Relationship: Semilunar valves are closed during ventricular diastole (filling)

Aortic semilunar valve

Description: Valve with three cusps at the base of the ascending aorta

Relationship: Named semilunar because the valve cusps are moon (lunar) shaped

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Description: Specialized cells in the roof of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava

Relationship: "Pacemaker" of the heart

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Description: Specialized cells in the floor of the right atrium near the opening of the coronary sinus

Relationship: Delays electrical impulse allowing the atria time to contract and the ventricles to completely fill with blood

AV bundle (bundle of his)

Description: Massive bundle of conducting fibers located in the superior aspect of the interventricular septum

Relationship: N/A

Bundle branches (R/L)

Description: Right and left branches of the AV bundle in the interventricular septum for their respective ventricles

Relationship: N/A

Purkinje fibers

Description: Rapid contractile cells in the ventricular myocardium

Relationship: End of the conduction system

Thoracic (Left lymphatic) duct

Location: Long duct that originates in the superior abdomen (cisterna chyli) and ascends through the posterior mediastinum along the thoracic aorta

Description: Receives lymph from the left side of the thorax, left upper limb, left side of the head and neck, and all structures inferior to the diaphragm. Empties into the venous system at junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.

Cisterna chyli

Location: Irregular shaped sac in the posterior, superior abdomen

Description: Origin of the thoracic duct. Receives lymph from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs

Right lymphatic duct

Location: Small collecting duct in the clavicular region

Description: Receives lymph from the right side of the thorax, right upper limb, and right side of head and neck. Empties into the venous system at the junction of the right subclavian vein and internal jugular veins.

Spleen

Location: Large purple lymphatic organ located left of the stomach and inferior to the diaphragm

Description: Largest lymphatic organ of the body. Functions to initiate the immune response, removal of bacteria, and storage of red and white blood cells.

Palatine tonsils

Location: Lateral walls of the oropharynx

Description: Inflammation of the tonsils is known as tonsilitis

Lingual tonsils

Location: Base of the tongue

Description: N/A

Pharyngeal tonsils

Location: Superior, posterior wall of the nasopharynx

Description: Known as adenoids when infected or inflamed

Thymus

Location: Large lobulated tissue between sternum and aorta in childhood

Description: In the thoracic cavity superior to heart. Shrinks in size from childhood to adulthood. Helps in immunity

Appendix

Location: Worm-shaped flap connected to the cecum near the junction of the small and large intestines

Description: Contains collections of lymph nodes

Superficial cervical lymph nodes

Location: Superficial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle along the external jugular vein

Description: Receives lymph from the inferior ear, parotid gland regions, scalp, and skin of head and neck.

Deep cervical lymph nodes

Location: Deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle along the internal jugular vein

Description: Receives lymph from the posterior head, neck, and mouth region

Axillary lymph nodes

Location: Large tissues in the axilla (armpit)

Description: Receives lymph from the upper limbs

Pectoral lymph nodes

Location: Along the pectoralis minor muscle

Description: Receives lymph from the skin and muscles of the anterior thorax

Common iliac lymph nodes

Location: Along the common iliac blood vessels

Description: Receives lymph from the pelvic viscera

Mesenteric lymph nodes

Location: Along the large and small intestines within the mesentery proper and their blood vessels

Description: Receives lymph from the large and small intestines

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Location: Superficial and lateral to the femoral vein

Description: Receives lymph from the abdominal wall and gluteal region

Deep inguinal lymph nodes

Location: Deep and medial to the femoral vein

Description: Receives lymph grom the deep lower limb and reproductive organs

Popliteal lymph nodes

Location: Popliteal fossa in the posterior knee along popliteal vein.

Description: Receives lymph from the knee, leg, and foot regions

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Description: Small projection from the inferior portion of the brain

Location: Sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bonem inferior to thalamus of the brain

Pineal gland

Description: Small, pine cone shaped tissue

Location: Posterior and inferior aspect of the corpus callosum of the brain

Thyroid gland

Description: Butterfly-shaped (two lobes) tissue

Location: Immediately inferior the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and anterior to the trachea

Parathyroid glands

Description: Four smallest endocrine tissues

Location: On the posterior side of the thyroid gland

Pancreas

Description: Elongated, lumpy tissue about 5-6 inches long

Location: Head of the pancreas lies in the C loop of the duodenum. Lies inferior and posterior to the stomach. Tail of the pancreas touches the spleen

Adrenal (suprarenal) glands

Description: Small, pyramidal-shaped tissues with a bumpy texture

Location: Located on the superior aspect of kidneys

Ovaries

Description: Pair of oval-shaped bodies in females

Location: Within the pelvic cavity

Testes

Description: Pair of oval gonads in males

Location: Within the scrotum