Inorganic Chemistry Final

Purified Water

is classified for pharmaceutical use as an excipient in the production of non-parenteral preparations and in specific pharmaceutical preparations/tests and assays, for which water is indicated, unless otherwise specified.

Water for Injection

classified for pharmaceutical purposes as an excipient in the production of parenteral preparations and in other pharmaceutical preparations where the endotoxin content must be verified.

Sterile Purified Water

is purified water sterilized and suitably packaged. It contains no antimicrobial agent.

Sterile Water for Injection

is a sterile, nonpyrogenic preparation of water for injection which contains no bacteriostat, antimicrobial agent or added buffer and is supplied only in singledose containers to dilute or dissolve drugs for injection.

Sterile Bacteriostatic Water for Injection USP

is a sterile, nonpyrogenic preparation of water for injection containing 0.9% (9 mg/mL) of benzyl alcohol added as a bacteriostatic preservative.

Sterile Water for Inhalation

is prepared from Water for Injection that is sterilized and suitably packaged.

Sterile Water for Irrigation, USP

is a sterile, distilled, nonpyrogenic water for injection intended only for sterile irrigation, washing, rinsing and dilution purposes

Light resistant containers

requires the glass to provide protection against 290-450 nm of light

Well-closed Container

it protects the contents from extraneous solids and from loss under ordinary conditions of handling,

Tight Containers

protects the contents from contamination by extraneous liquids, solids, or vapors, from loss of the article, and from efflorescence, deliquescence, or evaporation under the ordinary or customary conditions of handling, shipment, storage, and distribution and is capable of tight re-closure.

Hermetic Container

is impervious to air or any other gas under the ordinary or customary conditions of handling, shipment, storage, and distribution.

Single-unit container

is designed to hold a quantity of drug intended for administration as a single dose promptly after the container is opened.

Unit dose container

a.k.a as unit dose package; designed that the contents are administered to the patient as a single dose, direct from the container.

Multiple-unit container

contain more than a single unit or dose of the medication

Multiple Dose Container

is a hermetic container that permits withdrawal of successive portions of the contents without changing the strength or endangering the quality or purity of the remaining portion.

Prescription bottles and cups

glass containers for dispensing liquid and semisolid dosage forms are available in a variety of sizes, shapes, and colors.

Standard Rx Bottles

containers that contain medicine prescribed by physicians, come in several different colors, the most common of which being orange or light brown due to its ability to prevent ultraviolet light from degrading the potentially photosensitive con tents through photochemical reactions, while still letting enough visible light through for the contents to be easily visible.

Ointment jars

are used to dispense ointment, creams or extremely viscous suspensions or emulsions.

Wide-Mouthed Powder Jars

is usually cylindrical, made of glass or earthen ware, and without handles

Capsule vials

are used for dispensing capsules, tablets, or small quantities of bulk pow

Dropper Bottles

a glass tube with a hollow rubber bulb at one end and a small opening at the other, for drawing in a liquid and expelling it in drops

Applicator bottles

have a small glass or plastic rod attached to the closure. These are useful for applying medication to a wound or skin surface, as in the case of antiseptic solutions.

Collapsible tubes

cylinder of metal or plastic sealed at one end and having a capped opening at the other from which paint, toothpaste, or some other semifluid substance may be squeezed.

CLOSURE

are devices and techniques used to close or seal a bottle, jug, jar, tube, can, etc

THREADED SCREW CAP

The metal is usually tinplate or aluminum, and in plastics, both thermoplastic and thermosetting materials are used.

lug cap

It is simply an interrupted thread on the glass finish, instead of a continuous thread

CROWN CAPS

this style of cap is commonly used as a crimped closure for beverage bottles and has remained essentially unchanged for more than 50 years

roll-on cap

can be sealed securely, opened easily, and resealed effectively. It finds wide application in the packaging of food, beverages, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

pilfer proof closure

is similar to the standard rollon closure except that it has a greater skirt length

snap on

For opening, the top is designed to pry off or, break off, or have a built in dispenser.

friction fit

requires some force to close and open, providing additional security.

TAMPER RESISTANT

Resistance to tampering is required for some types of products.

DISPENSING

A wide variety of convenience dispensing features can be built in to closures. Spray bottles and cans with aerosol spray have special closure requirements.

Child-resistant

packaging or C-R packaging has special closures designed to reduce the risk of children ingesting dangerous items Tamper-evident

CLOSURE LINER

A liner may be defined as any material that is inserted in a cap to effect a seal between the closure and the container.

Torque testing

Controlling cap tightness on a packaging line with a

RUBBER CLOSURES

is used primarily for multiple dose vials and disposable syringes.

Glass Containers

containers in which pharmaceuticals are stored or maintained even for short periods of time.

Glass containers for pharmaceutical use

are glass articles intended to come into direct contact with pharmaceutical preparations

Neutral glass

is a borosilicate glass containing significant amounts of boric oxide, aluminum oxide alkali and/or alkaline earth oxides

Soda-lime-silica glass

is a silica glass containing alkali metal oxides, mainly sodium oxide and alkaline earth oxides, mainly calcium oxide.

Glass

an amorphous, hard, brittle, transparent, supercooled liquid of infinite viscosity. It is not a true solid

manganese dioxide

is added to hide the blue-green color of the iron usually present in silica

borates

are added to reduce the coefficient of expansion

compounds of alkaline earth metals

are added for getting glass a high refractive index

calcium phosphate

is added for getting opalescent glass and coloring materials

Fe2O3

to get yellow color

chromic oxide

to get green color

manganese oxide

to get purple color

cobalt oxide

to get blue color

Potassium

is added to get a brown light-resistant glass

Type I

is suitable for all products although SO2 treatment sometimes is used for even greater resistance to glass leachables.

Type II

is suitable for buffered aqueous solution with pH below 7 or for a solution which does not react with the glass

Type III

is suitable for anhydrous liquids or dry substances

NP glass

is not suitable for parenterals. They are used for tablets, oral solution and suspensions and liquids for external use.

Iron, zinc, copper Co, Cr, fluoride, iodide, Mn, Mo, & Se

Essential trace elements

Ni, tin, vanadium, Si, Bo

Probably essential trace elements

Al, Au, Ba, Br, lead, silver, mercury, rubidium, strontium, titanium, zirconium,

Non essential trace elements

Iron, zinc and copper

Trace elements

Manganese, selenium, cobalt, chromium, fluoride, iodine, and molybdenum

Ultra trace elements

Iron

Most essential trace element

Transferrin

Transport protein, Binds to two iron molecules

Zinc

Second most abundant trace element

Copper

3rd most important trace element

Menkes disease

Congenital X-linked genetic disorder Cu deficiency

Wilson’s disease

• Autosomal recessive disorder

• Mutation in ATP7b gene

• Causes excessive accumulation of Cu

Chromium

Regulates plasma lipoprotein concentration and reduces cholesterol and triglycerides.

Fluoride

Very important in preventing dental caries

Iodine

Thyroid hormone synthesis and also have broad spectrum germicidal action

Molybdenum

Act as a catalyst for enzymes and helps facilitate breakdown of certain amino acids

Selenium

Least abundant trace element

Vanadium

Control of sodium pump, inhibition of ATPase

Tin

Interaction with riboflavin metabolism

Silicon

Structural role in connective tissue, in metabolism of osteogenic cells

Nickel

Component of enzyme urease

Boron

is a vital trace mineral that is required for the normal growth and health of the body.

Lithium

Discovered in 1817 as mood stabilizing agent

Xenon

is a medical gas capable of establishing neuroprotection, inducing anesthesia and nuclear medicine as a contrast agent

Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid

found in the plasma and kidneys

Monohydrogen phosphate/Dihydrogen phosphate

found in the cells and kidneys.

Hemoglobin and Protein

found in the red blood cells which is the most effective single system for buffering the carbonic acid.

Metabolic Acidosis

primary HCO3 deficit

Metabolic Alkalosis

primary HCO3 excess

Respiratory Acidosis

primary H2CO3 excess

Respiratory Alkalosis

primary H2CO3 deficit

Sodium acetate

Acetado de Sosa

Potassium acetate

Diuretic Salt

Sodium bicarbonate

Baking Soda

Potassium bicarbonate

Potassium Acid Carbonate, Salaeratus

Electrolyte Combination Therapy

infusion of standard glucose and saline solution maybe adequate; however, when deficits are severe, solutions containing additional electrolytes are usually required.

Maintenance Therapy

to supply normal requirements for water and electrolytes to patient who can’t tolerate orally. Should contain at least 5% dextrose, to minimize starvation