Physiology Final Exam Cumulative

The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 

1) Tissue

2) Cell

3) Organ

4) Molecule

5) Organism

6) Organ system

The correct order from the smallest to largest is...

4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to...

quickly restore changed conditions to normal

If you see a molecule that has a name ending in "-ose" it is most likely...

carbohydrate

In lipids, "unsaturated" refers to 

the presence of double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms in the fatty acid tail

A nucleotide containing the base cytosine would base pair with which of the following? 

guanine

An energy-transferring compound in a cell is a nucleotide known as 

adenosine triphosphate

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins? 

1. anchor or stabilize the cell membrane

2. create junctions between cells

3. respond to extracellular molecules

4. produce energy

produce energy 

When a chemical reaction is in equilibrium, then...

there is no net change in the amount of substrates or products

The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called ______. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a ______. 

phosphorylation, kinase

What reaction is this?

endergonic

Which body fluid compartment contains high levels of K+? 

intracellular fluid

The resting membrane potential in most cells is about ... 

-70mV

In a sodium potassium pump (Na+/K+), how many ions are typically exchanged? 

3 Na+ released, and 2 K+ brought in to cell

Endocytosis is a form of _______ transport. 

active

What is the longest form of chemical signaling? 

endocrine

Neurotransmitters and neurohormones both...

are released by neurons

usually bind to receptors inside the cytoplasm or nucleus

Lipophilic hormones

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) activates...

protein kinase A

most rapid, often ion flow

channel receptor

most signal transduction

GPCR

described as catalytic 

enzyme receptor

most interaction with the ECM

Integrin receptor

what are prostaglandins associated with?

pain response

The majority of hormones in the body are…

peptide hormones

The posterior pituitary gland secretes…

Vasopressin (ADH)

The term for two hormones that have greater thanadditive effects is…

synergistic

The binding of lipophilic messengers such as steroid hormones to their receptors triggers...

gene transcription

True or False: The example discussed in class of uterine contractions causing the brain to secrete oxytocin, and oxytocin causing uterine contraction is a negative feedback loop. 

False. This is a positive feedback loop 

the nervous system is broken down in the CNS and the PNS. What is true of the somatic nervous system in the PNS? 

associated with voluntary movements 

What part of this diagram indicates to the dendrites of a neuron? 

A

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding receptor-specific channels in the synapse? 

1. They are often slower

2. They can bind general types of ions (more than one)

3. They are often called ionotropic

4. They do not include GPCRs

they are often slower

neurons that bind this neurotransmitter are called cholinergic

Acetylcholine

an example receptor is called a NMDA receptor

amino acid

often associated with opiods and endorphins

peptide

very excitable, often associated with ATP

purine

often diffuses freely, like nitric oxide

gas

known to bind cannabinoid receptors

lipid

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are often…

depolarizing 

Which ion is primarily responsible for neurotransmitter release? 

Ca2+

True/False: All animals haves brains. 

false

loosely connected to inner membrane but makes space between the two layers

arachnoid membrane

cushion against force to the head, less pressure on the brain, selective in what can transport into the brain, physical and chemical protection

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

The oldest and most primitive region of the brain is the....

brain stem

What section of the brain is responsible for the behavioral drives like hunger? 

hypothalamus

what side of the brain deals with detail orientation

left hemisphere 

What side of the brain deals with big picture

right hemisphere 

what are the somatic senses?

touch, proprioception, temperature, pain, itch

what are the special senses?

vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste

A mechanoreceptor would respond best to which of the following stimuli? 

sound

When discussing lateral inhibition, or the ability of one sensory receptor to inhibit neighboring receptors, we are most likely talking about which property of a stimulus? 

location

Initially smelling a strong perfume but then not noticing it over time

phasic receptor

The final destination for a sensory related signal is the ....

somatosensory cortex

What type of touch receptor is this?

Pacinian corpuscle

Thermoreceptors on the skin generally only work on temperatures between…

20-45 degrees C

There are different types of fibers found in pain receptors. One common type of fiber is called Alpha Delta. What type of pain is this fiber associated with? 

cold,fast pain

When someone suffers from a heart attack, they often describe feeling pain not only in their chest, but also down their left arm, in their neck, and even in their jaw. What type of pain would this be described as? 

refferred pain

What pain fibers are utilized during the gate control theory? 

Alpha beta

What two senses have been found to be closely related? 

smell and taste

Olfactory (or smell) signal transduction is often a mechanism of....

a GPCR

Sound is measured by…

frequency and amplitude

appropriate order of skeletal muscle components from smallest to largest? 

1. Muscle Fascicles

2. Myofibrils

3. Actin

4. Skeletal Muscle

5. Muscle Fibers

Actin<Myofibrils<Muscle Fibers<Muscle Fascicles<Skeletal Muscle

H zone contains only…

thick filaments

What is happening in the diagram below from A to B? 

the muscle is contracting

In the steps of muscle contraction, what chemical/ion is responsible for the very beginning of this process? 

Acetylcholine (ACh)

During muscle contraction, ________ is the calcium-binding complex that helps control position, while ________ helps align the actin and myosin. 

troponin, tropomyosin

Based on the sliding filament theory, what happens to z  regarding the contraction of the muscle? 

Z disks move closer together

During the steps of contractions, specifically during the power stroke, which chemical/ion is responsible for the regulation of the movement? 

calcium (Ca2+)

characteristics of slow-twitch fibers? 

more myoglobin, slower contraction

Both smooth and skeletal muscle require…

calcium (Ca2+) regulation

What is a characteristic of smooth muscle and NOT skeletal muscle? 

Smooth muscle uses less energy

Which of the following does NOT happen during the relaxation of smooth muscle? 

1. Increase ATPase activity

2. Calmodulin is unbound from calcium

3. Dephosphorylation occurs

4. Decrease Ca2+

Increase ATPase activity

What type of muscle is ths\is?

skeletal

The muscle disorder, Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), is often caused by an _________ of the gene dystrophin. 

underexpression

The knee-jerk reflex can be described as a...

Spinal reflex, Monosynaptic reflex, Innate reflex, Somatic reflex

what is the correct pairing of neuron to muscle fiber? 

Alpha motor neurons activate extrafusal muscle fibers

There are 3 sensory receptors of the skeletal muscle reflexes that we discussed in lecture. whatis the best explanation for Golgi tendon organs (GTOs)? 

Found at the junction of tendons and the muscle fibers, can be associated with tension and stretch

Alpha motor neurons and gamma motor neurons are often activated…

At the same time

When would a flexion reflex be triggered? 

exposure to danger or pain

The lowest pressure in the cardiovascular system is found in the....

venae cavae

what would INCREASE resistance in blood vessels? 

a smaller radius of the vessel

Which tissue layer of the heart contains the cardiomyocytes or muscle cells? 

myocardium

What makes the action potential of a cardiac muscle cell different from the previous action potentials we have discussed? 

During the plateau phase there is a brief pause in repolarization due to Ca2+

What happens once I_f channels reach their threshold? 

Ca2+ flows in

The majority of calcium (Ca2+) used in the EC coupling of cardiac muscle comes from calcium entering the cell via

the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Electrical signals that coordinate contraction in the heart often originate in the SA node of the heart. Specifically, pacemaker cells found in the ____________ are the main regulators of cardiac contraction. 

right atrium

When analyzing an ECG, what is often known to happen during the T wave? 

repolarization of the ventricles

Compared to the normal rhythm shown first, what is most likely happening in the second ECG?

an irregular heartbeat

The atria and the ventricles contract and relax at ______ times. 

different 

At what stage of the cardiac cycle do we often get the end-systolic volume (ESV) measurement? 

Ventricle ejection

what measurements takes heart rate into consideration when calculating? 

Cardiac Output (CO)

Ventilation is also known as....

breathing

The upper respiratory system includes all of the following EXCEPT 

1. the sinuses

2. the mouth

3. the larynx

4. the lungs

the lungs

The site of gas exchange in the lungs is found in the....

alveoli

What type of alveolar cells are more commonly found in the alveoli

Type 1 

Boyle's Law states that gas volume is 

inversely proportional to pressure

most accurate way to describe the pressure and volume in our lungs

As we breathe in, the chest volume increases and the alveolar pressure decreases

Pulmonary blood pressure is ______ in the lungs than in other part of our body. 

lower

In the graph below of a respiratory cycle, which letter corresponds to the residual volume? 

D

In the graph below of the respiratory cycle, what is the best definition of what is happening at letter A? 

volume of air moved during a single "quiet" breathe

When measuring lung volumes and capacity, which value can be the largest? 

IRV