cumulative final BIO

functions of the skeletal system

• Support 

• Protection

• Movement

• Blood cell formation

• Mineral + Fat storage

functions of the muscular system

• Mobility 

• Protection

• Circulation/Respiration (cardiac muscle, diaphragm)

• Temperature regulation

• Transportation of nutrients and fluids (smooth muscle) 

  • [nutrients, waste, blood]

functions of the respiratory system

• Exchange of gases (takes in oxygen, removes co2)

• Production of sound (diaphragm plus larynx creates sound)

• Barrier defense (mucus, hair, cilia, temperature)

• Excretion of waste (70% of all waste is excreted by the lungs, not just co2)

functions of the cardiovascular system (circulatory system)

• Circulation of gases

• Transportation of nutrients 

• Protection from pathogens

• Repair of damaged tissues

functions of the digestive system

• Mechanical processing + movement 

• Secretion of fluid, digestive enzymes + hormones, bile, acid, alkali, mucus 

• Digestion

• Absorption

• Elimination

functions of the nervous system

• Sensation: receiving information about environment and internal body conditions 

• Integration: processing + interpreting sensory information to make decisions 

• Response: executing actions based on sensory input, voluntary or reflexive 

• Regulation: Controlling involuntary actions 

• Coordination: Guiding complex processes like thinking + reading

functions of the endocrine system

• Homeostasis regulation of chemicals in the body 

• Synthesize Hormones : production of all hormones 

• Monitor blood for hormone levels

functions of the reproductive system

• Male : Produce sperm, store sperm until needed, deliver sperm 

• Female: Produce eggs in the ovaries, receives sperm, provides space for the union of the gametes (zygote), give nutrients to offspring

functions of the urinary system

• Filtration of the blood

• Excretion of waste + harmful chemicals 

• Maintain blood pressure 

• Maintain pH balance 

• Regulate production of blood cells + vitamin d

functions of the immune system

• Protect the body from harmful pathogens 

• Remove dead or damaged cells 

• Recognize between body cells and foreign cells 

• Remove abnormal body cells (cancer)

functions of the integumentary system (skin)

• Protection from dehydration 

• Protects from injury 

• Serves as defense against microorganisms

• Regulates body temperature

• Makes vitamin D

• Provides sensation (touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and vibration)

functions of the circulatory (blood)

• Transportation of gases, nutrients, metabolic wastes, excess salts and excess water

• Regulation of body temperature, volume of water, and pH of body fluids

• Protect the body against infections and illness

Brain

Controls body functions and processes

Spinal Cord

Transmits signals between the brain and body

Heart

Pumps blood throughout the body

Blood vessels

Transport blood

Lungs

Facilitate oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal

Trechea

Connects the throat to the lungs

Bronchi

Passageways for air into the lungs

Stomach

Breaks down food for digestion

Small intestine

Absorbs nutrients from food

Large intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces

Liver

Detoxifies chemicals + metabolizes drugs

Pancreas

Produces digestive enzymes + hormones like insulin

Gallbladder

Stores bile for fat digestion

Kindeys

Filter blood to produce urine

Ureters

Transport urine from kidneys to bladder

Bladder

Stores urine

Uretha

Removes urine from body

Pituitary gland

Regulates other glands and growth

Pineal gland

Produces melatonin for sleep regulation

Thyroid gland

Controls metabolism

Parathyroid gland

Regulate calcium levels

Adrenal glands

Produce hormones like adrenaline

Spleen

Filters blood and supports immunity

Lymph nodes

Filter lymph and produce white blood cells

Thymus

Matures t-cells for the immune system

Ovaries

Produce eggs and hormones

Testies

Produce sperm and testosterone

Uterus

Supports fetal development

Prostate gland

Produces seminal fluid

Skin

Protects the body and regulates temperature

Hair

Insulates and protects skin

Nail

Protects the tips of fingers and toes

Eyes

Enable vision

Ears

Facilitate hearing and balance

Tongue

Detects taste and aids in speech

Nose

Detects smell

Bones

Provide structure and support

Bone Marrow

Produces blood cells

key cells and elements for Circulatory System

Red blood cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs), Iron needed in hemoglobin

key cells and elements for Respiratory System

alveoli (facilitate gas exchange), respiratory bronchioles (movement of air)

key cells and elements for Digestive System

enterocytes in the intestines (absorb nutrients and secrete digestive enzymes)

key cells and elements for Nervous System

Nerve cells (neurons), astrocytes (star-shaped glial cells in the brain + spinal cord), NA+ and K+ are the electrolytes needed to function

key cells and elements for Skeletal System

• bone cells (osteocytes) [form and maintain bone structure]

  • Most likely to find osteoblast at the end of bones

key cells and elements for Endocrine System

Hormone-producing cell (HSCs)

key cells and elements for Reproductive System

• Reproductive cells (gametes) 

  • Male: Sertoli cells

key cells and elements for Integumentary System

Skin Cells (Keratinocytes)

key cells and elements for Lymphatic System

Lymphocytes (type of immune cell)

key cells and elements for Excretory System

Kidney cells (renal cells)

key cells and elements for Immune System

Lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes)

key cells and elements for Muscular System

 Calcium needed to function properly

Diffusion

• passive movement from high concentration to low contraction 

  • Used by the alveoli in the lung cells

Osmosis

• movement from low concentration to high contraction 

  • Used by the nephrons in the kidney

Homeostasis

• self-regulating process in which you maintain stability 

  • Endocrine system manages most homeostatic functions

  • Kidneys manage water + electrolyte balance 

  • Pancreas manages blood sugar levels

Polarity + charges

• distribution of electrical charge 

  • Lipids can pass through cell membranes, but water cannot 

  • Nerve cells have negatively charged membranes

Epithelial

protection/secretion

Glandular epithelia

secrete + absorb chemicals

Epithelial cells adapted to make up glands:

 Glander cells produce + secrete substances/chemicals

Exocrine glands

secrete into ducts to exterior of body

Endocrine glands

secret into the body to carry chemical messages throughout the body

Connective tissues

cushioning/structure

Fibrous Tissues

collage (tendons/ligaments), elastic (cushion between cells/fills space), reticular (lymph nodes, liver, bone marrow)

Special Tissues

Cartilage, Bone (structural matrix tissue), Blood (fluid tissue), Adipose (Fat Cells)

Fibroblast

stem cell that can transform into other types of connective tissue stem cells

Matrix

intercellular material giving the CT its characteristics

Muscle

movement

Skeletal muscle

moves body parts, voluntary

Cardiac Muscle

in heart, involuntary

Smooth Muscle

 surrounds hollow structures, involuntary

Nervous

communication

Neuron

specialized nervous system cell

Glial cells

surround + protect neurons, provide nutrients to neurons

Acne

pores blocked by oil, bacteria, or dirt become infected

Skin Cancer

uncontrolled growth of skin cells

Hemangioma

abnormal buildup of blood vessels

Vitiligo

immune system attacks melanocytes resulting in discoloration

Psoriasis

marked by red and scaly patches of skin

Hives

raised itchy red welts on the skin, usually due to allergic reactions

Molluscum Contagiosum

viral infection that causes raised pearl like papular nodules on the skin

Necrotizing Fasciitis (Flesh eating bacteria)

destroys skin, muscles, and underlying tissue

Shingle/Chicken pox

Blistering rash caused by herpes virus Varicella Zoster

Sprains

Bursitis + tendinitis

 inflammation of bursae or tendons

Arthritis

Inflammation of joints

Osteoporosis

excessive bone loss

Bone Cancer

uncontrolled bone growth

Muscular Dystrophy

leakage of Ca++ that destroy muscle proteins

Tetanus

infection of deep wound by bacteria Clostridium tetani

Mononucleosis (mono)

 infection; kissing disease