Kinesiology Lecture Final

What is the mediastinum

The center of the lungs where a bunch of structures come together including heart, trachea, and esophagus - there are 2 surfaces which face one another

What is the visceral pleura

The lining of the lungs

What is the parietal pleura

The lining of the thoracic cavity

Purpose of pleura in the thoracic cavity

Allow movement and sliding with breath, protection of thoracic and abdominal organs, resist negative pressures and allow recoil of lungs, provide attachment for muscles involved in inhalation, support weight of UE

What can occur with too much fluid in between the cavities of the lungs

Lung collapse - lung tap can prevent this

What is the fluid in between the cavities of the lungs called

Serous fluid

How many lobes in the L lung?

2

How many lobes in the R lung

3

Intrathoracic volume is ________ to intrathoracic pressure

Inversely proportional

Ribs move in 2 kinds of motion:

Bucket handle and pump handle

Origin of diaphragm

Lumbar vertebrae, sternum, costal cartalige

Insertion of diaphragm

Aponeurosis in the center

Innervation of diaphragm

Phrenic nerve

Movements of diaphragm

Dome-like when resting (exhale) and flattens engaged (inhale)

What is an incentive spirometer

A tool that has a bobber which goes up when a person sucks in - used after a person is on anesthesia

What does an incentive spirometer prevent

Infection of the lungs (pneumonia)

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Pinching of the brachial plexus between the ribs and clavicle which impairs UE function

Cardiac output

The volume of blood pumped thru the body per minute

What makes the lub sound?

Closure of tricuspid and mitral valves

What makes the dub sound?

Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves

Chordae tendonae

The chords that make up the “heart strings” of mitral and tricuspid valves

Pericardium

Membrane enclosing the heart

Which quadrant is the liver in

RUQ

Which quadrant is the appendix in

RLQ

Which quadrant is the spleen in

LUQ

Which quadrant is the tail of the pancreas in

RUQ

Which quadrant has the descending colon

LLQ

Parietal perineum

Covers the organs in the abdominal cavity

Mesentary

Anchors down and provides blood supply to the intestines

Omentum

Adipose on the organs in the abdominal cavity

Three parts of small intestines in order

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Compartments of the lower leg

Anterior, posterior, lateral

Anterior compartment LL movements

Dorsiflexion and extension of toes

Anterior compartment innervation

Common fibular nerve

Posterior compartment LL movements

Plantar flexion and toe flexion

Posterior compartment innervation

Tibial nerve

Lateral compartment movements

Eversion

Lateral compartment innervation

Common fibular

Interosseus membrane purpose

Hold together tibia and fibular and transfers 10% of weight to fibula

Open packed ankle position

Plantar flexion

Closed packed ankle position

Dorsiflexion

Hindfoot

The tarsals

Forefoot

Anything more distal than the tarsals

How many tarsals

7

How many metatarsals

5

How many phalanges

14

Names of the tarsal bones

Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, Medial, Lateral, and intermediate cuneforms

TBW on the ankle joint in a unilateral stance

4x TBW

Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion plane and axis

Sagittal plane, frontal axis

Abduction/adduction of the ankle plane and axis

Transverse plane, vertical axis

Inversion/eversion plane and axis

Frontal plane, sagittal axis

Supination of the ankle in open chain

Plantar flexion, adduction, inversion

Pronation of the ankle in open chain

Dorsiflexion, abduction, eversion

Supination of the ankle in closed chain

Dorsiflexion, abduction, inversion

Pronation of the ankle in closed chain

Plantar flexion, adduction, eversion

How many types of joints are in the ankle

8

Superior tibiofibular joint

Synovial plane joint which allows gliding

Inferior tibiofibular joint

Contributes to the mortar joint of the ankle

Anterior and posterior joints of the tibiofibular joints

Inferior transverse ligament

Why is the open packed position of the ankle plantar flexion

Talus is narrower anteriorly, meaning less congruency with tibia/fibula

Only mortis joint in the whole body

Talocrural joint

Are there more ligaments medially or laterally on the ankle

Medially

Purpose of medial ligaments in the foot

Support the arch

Injuries are more common: medially or laterally

Medially

Why are trampolines dangerous for ankles

Changes ground reaction forces

Talus is convex or concave

Concave

Calcaneus is convex or concave

Convex

Motion of talocrural joint

Dorsi and plantar flexion

Motion of subtalar joint

Inversion/eversion

Open chain ankle is designed for

Mobility

Closed chain ankle is designed for

Stability

Dorsiflexion prime movers

Tibialis anterior

Plantar flexion prime movers

Gastrocnemius and soleus

Inversion prime movers

Tibialis posterior

Eversion prime movers

Fibularis brevis and fibularis longus

Muscles contributing to arch of foot

Tibialis posterior, flexor hallicus longus, flexor digitorum longus

Order of deep muscles in the calf (medially to laterally)

Flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior, flexor hallicus longus

FDL, tibialis posterior, and FHL passes by which structure

Medial malleus

Order of deep calf muscles past the medial malleus

Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus

Purpose of Tom, Dick and Harry (motion)

Inversion and plantar flexion

How do fibularis longus and brevis assist with the arch

Anchor the first digit to the ground

Bursae purpose

Allows for sliding and gliding

Extensor retinaculum purpose

Prevents bowstringing by holding tendons in place

If common fibular nerve was severed what motions couldn’t occur?

Eversion or dorsiflexion

Dorsal pedal pulse

Pulse in the ankle

Medial longitudinal arch of foot

Lateral longitudinal arch of foot

Transverse arch of foot

Purpose of arches of the foot

Disperse gravity throughout the foot and help with propulsion like an elastic

Windlass Mechanism

The spring system that the plantar fascia creates which assists with propulsion

When is tension the highest in the Windlass Mechanism

When the toes are extended - preswing

What class lever is the ankle joint

Second class lever (only one in the body)

Purpose of plantar flexors in heel off phase

Eccentric contraction

Pes Planus

Weak tibialis anterior causes low arch

Hallux valgus

Bunion

Pes Cavus

Overly high medial longitudinal arch

Spastic plantar flexors

Toe walk

Locomotion

Moving from one place to another

Ambulation

Type of locomotion used clinically