End of Program: Sports Medicine

Systole

Systole

contraction

Diastole

relaxation

Arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body (arteries carry high blood pressure)

Veins

carry oxygen-poor blood back from the body to the heart.

Mitral regurgitation

Blood is moving back into the atria caused by regurgitation of valve) -- aka blood is moving a direction it should not be.

Stenosis

Blood cannot get into the aorta/pulmonary artery -- aka blood is having a hard time moving in the direction it is suppose to

lub

closure of the AV valves ; The sound is the result of blood in the atria hitting the closed valve as it tried to enter the ventricle.

Blood borne pathogens

Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV

Axillary Pulse

5 cm. originates from the brachial plexus (upper trunk, posterior division, posterior cord) at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6. pectoralis minor muscle

Tinnitus

Ringing in the ear

Vestigo

People who have vertigo may also have a feeling of sickness (nausea) and be sick (vomit). They may also have a loss of balance. Vertigo is usually caused by problems within the inner ear.

Light in eye

Dilation

Gross Anatomy:

The study of large easily observable structures on an organism

Microscopic Anatomy:

Refers to the use of a microscope to enable one to see minute details of organ parts

Developmental Anatomy:

Studies the growth and development of an organism during its lifetime

Comparative Anatomy:

Studies the similarities and differences to other organisms

Systematic Anatomy:

The study of the structure and function of various parts that comprise a particular organ system

Physiology

The study of the functions of living organisms and their parts

Anatomical Position

Is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomical nomenclature; Erect stance, arms at sides, palms facing forward

Anterior/Ventral:

Front of body

Posterior/Dorsal:

Back of body

Medial:

Closer to midline

Lateral:

Located away from midline

Proximal:

Toward the attachment of a limb

Distal:

Away from the attachment of a limb

Superior/Cranial:

One point higher than another

Inferior/Caudal:

One point lower than another

Superficial:

Close to body's surface

Deep:

Away from body's surface

Supine:

Body is laying on back

Prone:

Body is laying on stomach

Body Planes

Are imaginary anatomical dividing lines, Are useful in separating body structures

Frontal or Coronal:

Dividing front to back

Sagittal:

Dividing right and left

Midsagittal or Median:

Dividing into equal right and left halves

Transverse:

Dividing top and bottom

Athletic-related injuries

typically involve injuries to the skin, bones, cartilage, muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Muscles

Contractions allow the body to accelerate, decelerate, stop, Help maintain normal postural alignment

Tendons

Attach muscle to bone, Transmits force that a muscle exerts

Ligaments

Connects bone to bone, Helps form joints

Cartilage

Covers the ends of long bones, Can be found between bones

Functions of cartilage

Join structures, Absorb shock, Permits smooth bone movement

Hyaline Cartilage (Articular Cartilage)

Most abundant type of cartilage, Found lining bones in joints and inside the bones

Elastic Cartilage

Found in the pinna of the ear and several tubes, like auditory canals and the epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

Found in areas requiring tough support or great tensile strength, like the intervertebral discs and sites where ligaments and tendons connect bones

Bones

Protect vital organs and structures from trauma, Are the stiff structures that are acted upon by muscles to create movement, Are metabolically active, Produce blood cells and store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

Axial Skeleton

Bones of the spine, thorax, chest, and skull

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones in the extremities (arms and legs)

Diarthrodial

Also known as synovial joints, Have fantastic mobility and consist of a joint capsule, synovial membrane, hyaline membrane, and ligaments

What are the types of diarthrodial joints?

Hinge (elbow, knee), Multiaxial, commonly known as ball and socket (Hip and Shoulder)

Amphiarthrodial

Slightly movable joints, (Also known as cartilagenous joints), Have cartilage attaching 2 bones

What are some types of amphiarthrodial joints?

Ribs to the sternum

Synarthrodial

Also known as fibrous joints, Held together by connective tissue,Are basically immovable

What are some types of synarthrodial joints?

Bones of skull, Tibia to fibula

Movement

Without muscles the body would not be able to move

As muscles contract and produce movement

bony segments are moved in the specific direction

Homeostasis

The activities necessary to keep the human body within a narrow range to support life

Examples of homeostasis:

Body Temp, Heart Activity, Rate, Rhythm, , Pressure, Chemical Concentrations, Feedback loops

Balance of Body Functions

The primary business of organisms is survival so the organism can reproduce, Survival depends upon the, maintenance of homeostasis

Homeostasis refers to

a constant internal environment

To accomplish homeostasis,

the body uses a complex communication system, (This can be a positive or negative feedback loop)

Positive feedback loop

Detects an increase in value and pushes that value farther from normal, Causes an ever increasing rate of events to occur until something stops the process

Negative feedback loop

Detects a value above normal and lowers that value, Reversing changes back to a normal value, stabilizes conditions,Most common in the body, Regulation of heart rate

Homeostasis Control Mechanisms

Includes 5 parts: Receptor: A sensor that detects the stimulus, Afferent Pathway: Carries the sensory info to the control center, Control Center: Determines the normal level for a variable and determines the correct response need to restore homeostasis, Efferent Pathway: Carries the instructions from the control center to the effector, Effector: Carries out the instructions from the control center to restore homeostasis

Organization

is one of the most important characters of the body structure

Although the body is a single structure

it is made up of trillions of smaller structures

Chemical Level

Atoms, (Smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions)

Molecules

Where two or more atoms are joined together

Cellular Level

Molecules, Combine to form cellular components

Cell Membrane

Proteins

Cells

Smallest living structural unit of an organism

Tissues

Group of similarly specialized cells

Organs

Structures of a definite form that are composed of two or more different tissues and have specific functions

Organ Systems

Related organs that have a common function

Organism

Collection of structurally and functionally integral systems, All parts of the human body functioning together to constitute the total organism, or living individual

Integumentary

Protects the body from injury, infection, and dehydration; helps regulate body temp; eliminates some waste, Skin, sweat and oil glands, nails, and hair

Skeletal

Creates framework for the body; protects internal organs; produces blood cells; acts as levers for muscles, Bones and cartilage

Muscular

Produces movement; protects internal organs; produces body heat; maintains posture, Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle

Nervous

Coordinates and controls body activities , Nerves, brain, and spinal cord

Circulatory/Cardiovascular

Carries oxygen and nutrients to body cells; carries waste products away from cells; helps produce cells to fight infection, Heart, blood vessels, blood, and spleen

Lymphatic/Immune

Carries some tissue fluid and wastes to blood; assists with fighting infection, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, tonsils, and thymus, gland.

Digestive

Digest food physically and chemically; transport food; absorb nutrients; eliminates wastes, Mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, and etc.

Urinary/Excretory

Filters blood to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance; produces and eliminates waste, Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

Endocrine

Produces and secretes hormones to regulate body processes, Glands

Reproductive

Provides for reproduction, Male: Testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, urethra, and etc.; Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts

Achilles Tendon:

The structure that attaches the gastroc to the calcaneus bone of the foot

Antagonists:

A muscle having opposing actions

Calcaneus:

The heel bone of the foot

Compensation:

Something that makes up for something else

Constant:

Always present

Crepitus:

A grinding sound heard and/or felt by the athlete and athletic trainer

Deformity:

A change from normal body structure

Dislocation:

An injury that disrupts the alignment of bones at a joint

Ecchymosis:

Discoloration of tissue

Epiphyses:

the area of the bone at which growth occurs

Etiology:

Causes and origins of an injury or condition

Eversion:

To turn the foot outward

Gait:

A person's manner of walking

Gastrocnemius:

A large muscle at the posterior lower leg responsible for plantar flexion

Insertion:

End or area of a muscle that moves when the muscle contracts