Sport Science semester 2 Sport Injuries

Sport Injuries

Define Risk Management

The process of measuring or assessing risk and then developing strategies to manage it.

Acute Injuries

Are injuries that occur quickly and for which pain and loss of function is immediate. Examples include sprains and fractures.

Chronic Injuries

Injuries that linger and affect performance over a long period of time. You can play through these injuries but they may get worse. Examples include Shin splints and Achilles Tendonitis.

Hypothermia

Hypothermia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low body temperature. It occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, leading to a drop in core temperature(Sub 35 C). Symptoms include shivering, confusion, drowsiness, and loss of coordination. Severe cases can result in organ failure and death. Treatment involves rewarming the body gradually and providing supportive care.

Hyperthermia

Hyperthermia is a condition characterized by an elevated body temperature above the normal range. It can be caused by various factors such as prolonged exposure to high temperatures, strenuous physical activity, or certain medical conditions. Symptoms of hyperthermia may include excessive sweating, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, and confusion. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing severe hyperthermia, as it can be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves cooling the body and addressing the underlying cause of the condition. Drinking water often can help prevent Hyperthermia.

Asthma

Narrowing of the bronchioles(Airways) restricts o2 uptake. Can be caused by exercise, pollution, smoke and dust. Exercising regularly can reduce severity. Asthmatics should warm up, cool down and take medication while exercising.

DOMS

DOMS stands for Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness. It is a condition characterized by muscle pain and stiffness that typically occurs 24 to 48 hours after intense or unfamiliar exercise. DOMS is caused by microscopic damage to muscle fibres during exercise, leading to inflammation. It is a normal response to exercise and usually resolves within a few days. Common symptoms include muscle tenderness, reduced range of motion, and temporary muscle weakness. To alleviate DOMS, rest, gentle stretching, and over-the-counter pain relievers can be helpful.

Overtraining

Amount of recovery is not enough to fully recover form stresses caused by training. It is caused by

* Working too hard post injury
* Poor Nutrition
* Excessive training volume

Physiological, Psychological and Miscellaneous symptoms of overtraining:

Physiological

* Fatigue
* Soreness
* Decreased Performance

Psychological

* Decreased concentration
* Less motivation
* Emotional Stress
* Depression

Miscellaneous

* Illness
* Loss of appetite
* Insomnia

Direct Injury

When the body contacts an external object, for example another person, object or ground. Eg, Dislocated finger from hitting a ball

Indirect Injury

Is caused by forces inside the body, such as excessive strain on the muscles and ligaments. Eg, Straining your hamstring while sprinting.

Overuse Injuries

When specific body regions are used over periods of time, particularly when the movements are repetitive and low-impact. Eg, Shin splints

Soft Tissue Injuries

An injury to any tissue except bone and teeth. Eg, A blister on the skin.

Hard Tissue Injuries

Injuries to bone and teeth. Eg, A broken rib.

Skin Abrasion

When the surface layer of the skin is broken. They usually cause pain and shallow bleeding as a result of skin scraping.

Laceration

When there is damage to the skin and to underlying tissue.

Blisters

Where the outer layer of skin separates due to friction, which causes a pocket of fluid or blood to form.

Calluses

A build up of dead skin.

Muscle Strain Vs Sprain

Muscle strain and sprain are both injuries that affect the musculoskeletal system, but they involve different structures.

Muscle strain refers to the stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon. It usually occurs due to overexertion, improper use of muscles, or sudden movements. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and limited range of motion.

Sprain, on the other hand, refers to the stretching or tearing of a ligament, which connects bones together. It typically occurs when a joint is forced beyond its normal range of motion. Symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, and instability of the joint.

In summary, muscle strain affects muscles and tendons, while sprain affects ligaments. Both injuries can be painful and require appropriate treatment and rest for proper healing.

Contusion

A contusion occurs when an athlete collides with an external object, causing local muscular damage.

DRSABCD

* D: Danger - Assess the situation for any potential dangers to yourself or the victim.
* R: Response - Check if the victim is responsive by asking questions or tapping their shoulder.
* S: Send for help - Call emergency services or ask someone nearby to do so.
* A: Airway - Ensure the victim's airway is clear by tilting their head back and lifting their chin.
* B: Breathing - Check if the victim is breathing. If not, start CPR.
* C: CPR - Perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if the victim is not breathing.
* D: Defibrillation - If available, use an automated external defibrillator (AED) to deliver an electric shock to the victim's heart if necessary.

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SALTAPS

* Stop
* Ask
* Look
* Touch
* Active Movement
* Passive Movement
* Stand Up

RICERS

* Rest
* Icer
* Compression
* Elevation
* Referral
* Stretch

No HARM

* No Heat
* No Alcohol
* No Running
* No Massage

5 Stages of Rehab

* Diagnosis
* Initial Treatment
* Mobility/Flexibility exercises
* Proprioceptive Exercises
* Functional Strength training

Ultrasounds

Is thought to accelerate the normal resolution time of the inflammatory process by attracting more mast cells to the site of the injury. This may cause increase blood flow which is beneficial to recovery.

TENS Therapy

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator (TENS) sends electrical pulses through the skin to start your body’s pain killers. The muscle area is stimulated and heat is the result.

Hydrotherapy

Reduces pain, muscle spasms and decrease joint stress. Also increases strength and ROM while rehabbing your injury.

Hyperbaric Therapy

A pressurised room where an athlete breathes a high concentration of oxygen. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves circulation and is often used in conjunction with physical therapy to treat chronic muscle pain or acute injuries.

Massage

Stimulates heat and blood flow to the area which removes metabolic by products and brings nutrients to the area. Also assists in returning muscle to normal length.

Interferential Therapy

The use of electrical current through suction cups to reduce swelling, stimulate circulation, relieve pain and stimulate muscles.

Proprioception

Refers to joint position sense(knowing where your body part is in space). Ability to maintain good balanced body position when bearing weight through legs.

What rehab techniques produce heat?

* Ultrasound
* TENS Therapy
* Massage
* Interferential therapy

Which rehab techniques don’t produce heat?

* Hydrotherapy
* Hyperbaric Therapy

What can a coach do to reduce risk?

* Ensure fair playing field
* Good quality gear and materials
* Safe playing area

3 phrases of inflammatory response and symptoms/time

* Acute inflammatory phase: The body sends blood to the area, it will appear red, swollen and warm. It will be painful. 42-72hours.
* Proliferation or healing phase: Scar tissue will build up. Thickening of the ligament or tendon. 48hours → 6 weeks.
* Remodeling phase: Ligament or tendon gradually comes down to old size. Increase strength. 6 weeks → 3 months

Types of muscle tears.

* Grade 1

When you have a tear of a few fibres in the muscles. Pain on stretch, but no loss in strength. Mild pain, nothing severe.
* Grade 2

More damage to a significant amount of fibres. Reduced strength. Pain on stretch of the muscle.
* Grade 3

Complete tear of a muscle. You can feel the tear within the muscle. Severe pain and limited movement.

COWS

* Can you hear me
* Open your eyes
* What’s your name
* Squeeze my hand