lecture exam 2 notes

cerebellum

higher functions; balance; cordination

diencephalon

central region

brainstem

connects to spinal cord

frontal lobe

consciousness, motor control

parietal lobe

general senses

occipital lobe

vision

temporal lobe

sound; language

insula

self awareness; perception

epithalamus

pineal gland control

thalamus

filter sensory/motor signals

hypothalamus

homeostasis; hormones

midbrain

visual/auditory stimuli

pons

breathing; bladder control

medula oblongata

HR, BP, auto reflex

olfactory

smell; sensory;

optic

vision; sensory

oculomotor

eye movement; motor

trochlear

depression & inner rotation of eye; motor

trigeminal

facial sensation & muscle of mastication; sensory and motor;

abducens

abduction of the eye; motor

facial

facial expression and taste; both

vestibulocochlear

hearing and equilibrium

glossopharyngeal

swallowing, taste, salivation; both

vagus

carries parasympathetic to organs of the trunk and abdomen; both

accessory

shoulder elevation and head turning; motor

hypoglossal

tongue movements; motor

premotor cortex

selects and plans movements (1)

supplementary motor area

coordinates complex movements (2)

primary motor cortex

initiate body movement (3)

primary somatosensory cortex

retrieves info on general senses (1)

primary visual cortex

receives basic visual info from the eye

primary auditory cortex

receives sound info from ear (3)

skeletal muscle

somatic motor target

voluntary movement

somatic motor function

primary motor cortex

somatic motor signal origin

cranial and spinal nerve

somatic motor leaves CNS

glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

sympathetic target

fight or flight

sympathetic function

hypothalamus and brainstem

sympathetic origin in brain

thoracic and lumbar nerve

sympathetic leaves CNS

glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

parasympathetic target

rest and digest

parasympathetic function

hypothalamus and brainstem

parasympathetic origin of signals in brain

parasympathetic leaves CNS

cranial and spinal nerve

1 neuron

somatic neurons from CNS to target

long

somatic length of axon

n/a

somatic motor ganglia

acetylcholine

somatic motor neuron transmitter

2 neurons

# of sympathetic neurons leaves CNS to target cells

short preganglionic; long postganglionic

sympathetic length of axons

sympathetic chain; collateral ganglia

sympathetic ganglia

acetylcholine and norepherine

sympathetic neurotransmitters

2 neurons

# of parasympathetic neurons from CNS to target

long preganglion; short postganglion

parasympathetic length of axon

terminal ganglia

parasympathetic ganglia?

acetylcholine

parasympathetic neurontransmitters

cholinergic neurons

use acetycholine

nicotinic recepetors

respond to Ach and linked to ion channel; always excitatory

muscarinic receptors

respond to Ach and linked to internal cell signaling proteins; may be excitatory/inhibitory

adrenergic neurons

use norepinephrine

alpha adrenergic reptors

a1 causes smooth muscle to contract
a2 inhibits norepinepherine release

beta adrenergic receptors

b1 increases heart rate
b2 relaxes smooth muscle
b3 induces break down fat

neurotransmitters

nervous chemical messenger

axons

nervous system signal to target cells

always fast

nervous system respond time

short term

nervous system effect duration

highly specific

distribution of effects in nervous system

hormones

endocrine chemical messenger

blood

endocrine system signal to target cells

fast or slow

endocrine response time

short or long

endocrine system effect duration

broad

effect distribution endocrine

hypothalamus

regulates pituitary gland; superior to pituitary gland

anterior and posterior pituitary gland; inferior to hypothalamus

pituitary gland

follicle stimulating hormone; lutenizing hormone; thyroid stimulating hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone; growth hormone; prolactin hormone

anterior pituitary gland

antidiuretic hormone; oxytocin hormone;

posterior pituitary gland

melatonin hormone; attached to epithalamus

pineal gland

thyroid hormone; calcitosium; anterior neck

thyroid gland

parathyroid hormone; posterior side of thyroid gland

parathyroid gland

pancreatic islets w/glucagon(a) and insulin(b); posterior to stomach

pancreas

adrenal cortex; adrenal medulla

adrenal glands

aldosterone; cortisol; androgens

adrenal cortex

epinephrine; norepinephrine(sympathetic)

adrenal medulla

estrogen; progesterone

ovaries

testosterone

testes

bigger receptive field = less specific sensitivity

receptive field

gustation

taste

lingual papillae

bumps on tongue for grip and food position

taste buds

gustatory receptors that detect taste

olfactory neurons

receptors that binds chemicals in air

olfactory nerves

bundles of axons from olfactory neurons

olfactory bulb

structure where olfactory neurons synapse

olfactory tracts

bilateral bundles of nerve fibers that connect to brain

middle ear

auditory ossicles; malleus; incus; stapes; auditory tube

auditory ossicles

3 small bones that transmit sound into ear; malleus, incus, stapes

malleus

hammer shaped ossicle attached to tympanic membrane (1)

incus

middle, anvil shaped ossicle (2)

stapes

stirrup shaped ossicle attached to oval window (3)

auditory tube

passage that connects middle ear to throat (4)

inner ear

oval window; vestible; semicircular canals; cochlea; round window