endocrine system

What are the three regions of the neurohypophysis?

The median eminance, infundibulum, and pars nervosa.

What are pituicytes?

Glial-like cells that produce hormones in the pars nervosa.

What are herring bodies?

Accumulation of granules in the pars nervosa.

Is the pars nervosa a true endocrine gland?

No.

What are the regions of the adenohypophysis?

The pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis.

What cells make up the pars distalis?

Chromophils (including acidophils and basophils), chromophobes, and folliculostellate cells.

What is the thyroid gland?

It is the largest pure endocrine gland in the anterior neck on the surface of the trachea.

What is the structure of the thyroid gland?

It is two lateral lobes connected by median tissue called isthmus.

What makes up the thyroid gland?

Lobules, mostly areolar connective tissue, and blood vessels.

What happens when you have goiter?

The thyroid follicular cells undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy.

What follicles compose the thyroid gland?

Follicle cells and parafollicular cells.

How many pairs of parathyroid glands are there?

2-8.

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

The posterior of the thyroid gland.

What cells types make up the parathyroid glands?

Oxyphil cells and chief cells that secrete parathyroid hormone.

What are adrenal glands?

Pyramid glands on top of the kidney.

What two glands make up the adrenal glands?

The adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla.

What makes up the adrenal cortex?

It is made of lipids, which cause it to be yellow, a capsule made of connective tissue, cells in 3 distinct zones, and it is often surrounded by adipose tissue.

What does the adrenal cortex do?

It produces over 2 dozen steroid hormones.

What three zones are in the adrenal cortex?

The outer zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, and zona reticularis.

What is the zona glomerulosa made of?

Columnar parenchymal cells in cords or bundles.

What hormone does the adrenal cortex produce?

Mineralocorticosteroids that control balance of minerals and h2o in blood.

What is the zona fasiculata made of?

Parenchymal cells and spongiocytes which are cells with lipid drops.

What hormones do the zona fasiculata make?

Glucosteroids, metabolic hormones.

What hormones does the zona reticularis make?

Androgens.

What makes up the adrenal medulla?

Spherical chromaffin cells.

What is the pineal gland?

Part of the epithalamus that hangs from the 3rd ventricle of the diencephalon.

What cells make up the pineal gland?

Pinealocytes, interstitial cells, and brain sand.

What are pinealocytes?

Secretory cells that produce peptides, amines, and melatonin.

What are interstitial cells?

Astrocyte-like cells.

What does the adrenal medulla do?

Secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.

What is brain sand made of?

Its made of concretions including calcium phosphates and carbonates.

What changes about brain sand?

It increases in size throughout your life.

What is the function of the endocrine system?

To influence metabolic activity with hormones.

How long does the endocrine system take to work?

Actions take seconds to days, and responses are prolonged.

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

No.

What are the major endocrine glands?

The pituitary gland,

Where can you find the pituitary gland?

Within the sella turcica, attached to the brain by infundibulum.

What covers the pituitary gland?

The dural sheath.

How does the pituitary gland get blood?

From two atrial vessels.

What delivers hormones?

The hypophyseal portal.

What are the pituitary gland lobes?

The posterior lobe/neurohypophysis and anterior lobe/adenohypophysis.

What is the form and function of the neurohypophysis?

Form: Neural tissue from the hypothalamus.

Function: Releases 2 hormones.

What are the three regions of the neurohypophysis?

Median eminance, infundibulum, and pars nervosa.

What is the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?

Unmylenated axons of neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus.

What is the function of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?

Hormones travel down axons after binding to proteins.

What structures and cells does the pars nervosa have?

Pituicytes, glial like cells that produce hormones, and herring bodies, accumulation of granules.

What hormones does the adenohypophysis lobe release?

Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating, adrenocorticotropic hormone, gonadotropins and prolactin.

What are some gonadotropins?

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

Where does the adenohypophysis come from?

Rathke’s pouch.

What tissues, cells, etc make up the pars distalis?

Cords of cells, arteries, interior connective tissue, all covered by fibrous capsule.

What tissues, cells, etc make up the pars intermedia?

Cysts containing basophils, connective tissue, and cuboidal basophilic cells in longitudinal cords.

What does the pars tuberalis surround?

The hypophyseal stalk.

Form and function of follicle cells?

Form: Cuboidal epithelial.

Function: Surround follicles, produce thyroid hormones.

What do parafollicular cells do?

Produce calcitonin.

What do the follicles of the thyroid store?

Thyroglobulin.