Terms and Content (Greco-Persian War to Constantine)

Greece vs. Persia

who fought in the Greco-Persian War?

Pheidippides

supposedly ran 26 miles to tell of the Greek's victory at Marathon

Thermopylae

place where the Persians fought the Spartans

Leonidas

leader of teh Spartans who fought against the Persians

Persia

who won at Thermopylae?

Greece

who won at the Battle of Marathon?

Salamis

island where the Athenians fled after the Battle of Thermopylae?

Battle of Salamis

first major naval battle

Greece

who won the Battle of Salamis?

Athens vs. Sparta

who fought in the Peloponnesian War?

Delian League

alliance formed by Athens in order to provide protection for other nations and people; those under this alliance must pay Athens

Pericles

Athens reached its height of democracy under which leader?

Sparta

who won the Peloponnesian War?

Herodotus

Greek father of history

Parthenon

most glorious remnant of the Athens empire; best example of Greek architecture; dedicated to the goddess Athena

Macedonians

brutish people north of the Greeks; conquered Greece

Philip II

Alexander the Great's father; made military changes for the Madedonians

Isocrates

promoted Pan-Hellenism and for the unification under Philip II

Demosthenes

protested against Pan-Hellenism

Koine Greek

common Greek language spoken in the Mediterranean world

Stoicism

philosophy that rejects platonic philosophy; emphasizes logic, physics, and ethics; goal is to develop rational virtue

Zeno

founded Stoicism

Epicureanism

philosophy that seeks pleasure and avoids pain; God is not involved in the world

Epicurus

founded epicureanism

unease and movement

the Hellenistic era was overall a period of _______ and _______

Julius Caesar

who became emperor of Rome from the First Triumvirate?; also established himself as dictator for life

Julius Caesar

who from the First Triumvirate was considered the champion of the people?

Octavian vs. Antony

who fought in Rome's third civil war?

Cleopatra

who did Antony fall in love with and ally himself with during his civil war?

Marius vs. Sulla

who fought in Rome's first civil war?

Sulla

who won Rome's first civil war?

Julius Caesar vs. Pompey

who fought in Rome's second civil war?

Juilius Caesar

who won Rome's second civil war?

Octavian

who won Rome's third civil war?

Battle of Actium

turning point in the third civil war of Rome; won by Octavian

Tiberius

most powerful man at the time of Christ

Caligula

raised by Tiberius to be a "viper of the people"; ruthless ruler

Claudius

Rome began to expand into Britain under this emperor's reign; became caesar after the purge of the emperor's family

Nero

burning of Rome happened during this caesar's reign; became caesar after Claudius

Agrippina

mother of Nero who controlled Rome through her son

pietas

means loyalty and honor

gravitas

means weightiness or seriousness

dignitas

sense fo dignity

Carthage vs. Rome

who fought in the Punic Wars?

Second Punic War

largest and most devastating war of Antiquity

Hannibal

Carthaginian general who tried to attack Rome by crossing through the Alps (Second Punic War)

Fabius

Roman consul that proposed the Delane tactics in the Punic Wars

Cannae

single most catastrophic day for the Romans

Scipio

consul that proposed for Rome to attack Zama in Carthage

Cato the Elder

said that "Carthage must be destroyed" (Third Punic War)

Rome

who won the Punic Wars?

Res publica

"a public thing"

consuls

opened the assemblies and led armies into battle in Rome

senate

elite group of 300 older men in Rome who offered wisdom

one, few, many

the government of Rome was set up as a rule of _____. ______, ______

assemblies

what was the "many" branch of the Roman government called?

Tribune

2-5 representatives of the plebians that stood for protecting the plebian rights

Plebian Council

group that made laws that only applied to the plebians

Twelve Tables

contained the written laws of the Romans

Pantheon

built during Hadrian's reign; built for all of the Roman gods

Archimedes

determined the value of pi; the foremost mind in the Hellenistic period

Hippocrates

Father of medicine

Pythagoras

credited for creating geometry

Euclid

formulated the rules of geometry

Eratosthenes

calculated the circumference of the earth

Socrates

Greek philosopher who taught to question everything

Logos

means "word"; person that philosophers believed was the source of truth

Plato

student of Socrates who believed in ideas beyond us; believed that truth and really are not observable

Aristotle

Plato's student; believed that reality and truth are observable

Diocletian

Roman emperor who divided the empire into fourths

Constantine

Roman emperor who legalized Christianity

Edict of Milan

act that legalized Christianity in Rome

Virgil

considered the greatest Roman poet; wrote "Aenid"

Pax Romana

means "Roman Peace"

Nerva

Roman emperor who revived the power of the senate

Praetorian guard

guards that protected the Roman emperor

Augustus

title given to Octavian; means "revered one"

Princeps

title that means "chief citizen"; preferred by Augustus

Spartacus

slave who led a revolt with gladiators against Rome

Julius Caesar, M.L. Crassus, G. Pompey

members of the First Triumvirate in Rome

Antony, Octavian, Lepidus

members of the Second Triumvirate in Rome

Cicero

greatest writer in the Republic; great orator

Romulus and Remus

supposed twins that were sons of a god and founded Rome