AP Euro Unit 3

What political theory, embraced by James I, stated that a monarch's authority comes directly from God and they are responsible only to God?

The divine right of kings.

What was the primary goal of the Puritans in England regarding the Anglican Church?

To "purify" it of all Roman Catholic elements.

How did Charles I attempt to finance his government without the consent of Parliament?

He used stopgap levies like "ship money," extending a coastal tax to inland counties.

The English Civil War (1642-1649) was primarily a conflict between the Monarchy and which other institution?

Parliament.

Supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War were known as _.

Cavaliers.

Supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War were known as _.

Roundheads.

Who led the New Model Army for the Parliamentarians and later ruled England as Lord Protector?

Oliver Cromwell.

What was the period from 1649 to 1660 in England, following the execution of Charles I, known as?

The Commonwealth (or the Protectorate).

What was the 1688 event where William and Mary of Orange were invited by Parliament to take the throne from James II, resulting in a bloodless transfer of power?

The Glorious Revolution.

What 1689 document, accepted by William and Mary, rejected the divine right of kings and established a constitutional monarchy in England?

The English Bill of Rights.

According to Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan, what is life like in the "state of nature" without government?

It is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

What historical event heavily influenced Thomas Hobbes's view that an absolute monarchy was necessary to prevent chaos?

The English Civil War (1642–1651).

According to John Locke, what are the three natural rights that government is formed to protect?

Life, liberty, and property.

What historical event influenced John Locke's argument for a constitutional government with limited power and the consent of the governed?

The Glorious Revolution (1688).

What is the term for the major shift from a feudal to an early capitalist economy in Europe from the 1300s to 1700s?

The Commercial Revolution.

The _ system involved merchant capitalists supplying raw materials to peasant families who produced finished goods in their homes.

Putting-out system (or cottage industry).

What agricultural practice involved fencing off common lands for private use, increasing productivity but displacing peasants?

The Enclosure movement.

What economic policy holds that there is a finite amount of wealth in the world and that states should seek a favorable balance of trade by exporting more than they import?

Mercantilism.

England's _ Acts were mercantilist laws designed to restrict colonial trade to English ships and promote English manufacturing.

Navigation Acts.

What was a major cause of the expansion of the transatlantic slave-labor system in the 17th and 18th centuries?

Increased demand for New World products like sugar and tobacco.

The Dutch Republic developed an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote _ and protect traditional rights.

Trade.

What city became Europe's financial center during the Dutch Golden Age, housing the safest bank in Europe?

Amsterdam.

What was a key factor that contributed to the Dutch Republic's economic prosperity and social stability in the 17th century?

Religious toleration.

What French dynasty was established by Henry IV and included monarchs Louis XIII and Louis XIV?

The Bourbon dynasty.

Who was the chief minister to Louis XIII who worked to strengthen royal power by weakening the nobility and the Habsburgs?

Cardinal Richelieu.

What system, implemented by Richelieu, divided France into districts run by royal officials to centralize power and weaken the nobility?

The intendant system.

What was the name of the series of rebellions (1648-1653) by French nobles against the monarchy that deeply influenced the young Louis XIV?

The Fronde.

Who was Louis XIV's finance minister who implemented mercantilist policies to make France's economy self-sufficient?

Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

What was the primary purpose of the grand Palace of Versailles built by Louis XIV?

To serve as a symbol of his absolute power and to control the French nobility.

The 1713 _ ended the War of the Spanish Succession, preventing the unification of the French and Spanish thrones.

Treaty of Utrecht.

In Prussia, the landowning nobility who agreed to taxation in exchange for greater control over their serfs were known as the _.

Junkers.

Which Prussian ruler, known as "the Soldier King," was responsible for building an exceptionally efficient bureaucracy and a formidable army?

Frederick William I.

Peter the Great's primary goal for Russia was _ by adopting Western European technology, customs, and military organization.

Modernization (or westernization).

Peter the Great built the city of _ to serve as a "window for Russia to look out at Europe."

St. Petersburg.

In what way did Peter the Great assert his absolute control over the Russian nobility (Boyars)?

He forced them to shave their beards, adopt Western clothing, and serve in the army or civil administration.

What was the dominant form of government in England after the Glorious Revolution of 1688?

Constitutional Monarchy.

What was the dominant form of government in France under Louis XIV?

Absolute Monarchy.

The period of civil unrest, foreign invasion, and famine in Russia between 1598 and 1613 is known as the _.

Time of Troubles.

What dynasty came to power in Russia in 1613 after the Time of Troubles and ruled until 1917?

The Romanov Dynasty.

What war did Peter the Great fight against Sweden to gain access to the Baltic Sea?

The Great Northern War.

What action did Louis XIV take in 1685 that revoked the Edict of Nantes, ending religious protection for French Huguenots?

He issued the Edict of Fontainebleau.

What was the economic consequence of Louis XIV revoking the Edict of Nantes?

France lost many skilled workers and talented middle-class citizens who fled the country.

What political principle emerged after the Peace of Westphalia to prevent any one European state from becoming too dominant?

The balance of power.

The Austrian defeat of the Turks in 1683 at the _ marked the end of the Ottoman Empire's westward expansion.

Battle of Vienna.

What was the main reason for the decline and eventual partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century?

The inability of the elected monarchy to consolidate its authority over the powerful nobility.

Which three powers partitioned Poland, causing it to disappear from the map of Europe by 1795?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria.

The frontispiece of Hobbes's Leviathan depicts the sovereign's body as being composed of what?

The multitude of individual citizens.

In the Leviathan frontispiece, the sovereign holds a sword in one hand and a crosier in the other, symbolizing control over what two domains?

Earthly (civil) authority and ecclesiastical (church) authority.

What was the name of the new social class of powerful merchants and entrepreneurs that rose during the Commercial Revolution?

The Bourgeoisie.

According to the lecture, the Stuart kings James I and Charles I believed their constraints on power by Parliament were a threat to their _ prerogative.

Divine-right.

Who was the Archbishop of Canterbury whose heavy-handed policies under Charles I antagonized Puritans?

William Laud.

What act, passed by the Long Parliament in 1641, required that Parliament be summoned at least once every three years?

The Triennial Act.

The restoration of the monarchy in 1660 brought which Stuart king to the English throne?

Charles II.

The _ Crisis (1679-81) in England involved a parliamentary effort to prevent James, Duke of York (a Catholic), from succeeding his brother Charles II.

Exclusion Crisis.

What were the names of the two political factions that emerged in England during the Exclusion Crisis?

The Whigs (who opposed James) and the Tories (who supported James).

The 1679 _ Act in England established due process protections against unlawful arrest and detainment.

Habeas Corpus Act.

A key outcome of the Glorious Revolution was that England became a _, where the power of the monarchy is limited by law.

Constitutional Monarchy.

The chart on ships built by the Dutch East India Company shows a significant increase in the construction of what size of ships in the 18th century compared to the 17th?

The largest (over 1,000 tons) and large (800-1,000 tons) ships.

The _ was an inflationary period in Europe caused by the influx of New World gold and silver and population growth.

Price Revolution.

Who founded the Bourbon dynasty in France and, as a politique, issued the Edict of Nantes to promote religious peace?

Henry IV (of Navarre).

What term was used for the French nobles who purchased their offices from the king, as opposed to the traditional "nobility of the sword"?

Nobility of the Robe.

What was Louis XIV's nickname, which reflected his belief that he was the center of the French state?

The Sun King.

In the Russian social structure, what was the name for the old nobility that supported traditional culture and often clashed with Peter the Great?

The Boyars.

Frederick William of Prussia, "The Great Elector," secured the Junkers' acceptance of new taxation by reconfirming their authority over whom?

The serfs.

The highly disciplined and feared Prussian army under Frederick William I was a key element in the _ of the Prussian state.

Centralization.

The War of the Spanish Succession began after Charles II of Spain died and left his throne to the grandson of which powerful European monarch?

Louis XIV of France.

What was the name of the coalition of European powers, including England, that formed to prevent a union of the French and Spanish thrones during the War of the Spanish Succession?

The Grand Alliance.