Finals Review

marine science

the study of both oceanography and marine biology

oceanography

the study of the properties of the seas and oceans

food, discover new lands, trade

reasons for sea voyage

latitude

horizontal lines (globe)

longitude

vertical lines (globe)

Phoenicians

established first trade routes through mediterranean

ptolemy

created the first map of the world using knowledge of Romans

eratosthenes

first to determine world’s circumference

vikings

explored the northern atlantic during the middle ages

egyptians

first recorded voyages of the sea

ben franklin

created the map of the gulf stream

ferdinand megellan

first to circumnavigate the world

christopher columbus

reached the bahamas, opened the west for colonization by europe

fram

proved that no continent existed in the arctic sea (froze the ship into the ice to carry it to the arctic)

challenger

first organization organized specifically to gather marine data

human occupied vehicles

submersibles that can carry humans

remotely operated vehicles

ability to make computer made maps based on sonar, record observations with television and still cameras, and collect specimen with remotely operated arms

autonomous underwater vehicle

programmable, robotic vehicles that can drift, drive, or glide through the ocean without real-time control by a human operator

alvin

hov that went 4,000 m deep

trieste

hov that went 10,915 m deep

scuba

self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, invented by jacques cousteau

sonar

sound navigation and ranging, determines distance and direction of underwater objects by sending out sound waves

green

more marine life=

blue

less marine life=

4

maximum density of water at ___ degrees C

carbon dioxide, sunlight

(two) essential for photosynthesis

high

water has a _____ specific heat capacity

water can absorb a lot of energy with minimal changes in temperature

what does it mean that water has a high specific heat capacity

red

what is the best color adaptation for deep-sea organism

carbonic acid

what acid is formed when carbon dioxide mixes with water

calcium carbonate

what is dissolved from ocean acidification

1500 m/sec

velocity of sound in water

300 m/sec

velocity of sound in air

34\.7 ppt

average salinity of ocean water

8\.1

average pH of ocean water

1\.022-1.030 g/cm3

average density of ocean water

cohesion

when water molecules stick to other water molecules

adhesion

water molecules stick to other surfaces

chloride and sodium

which two elements make up most of the solutes in ocean water

thermocline

zone of rapid vertical change in temperature

pycnocline

zone of rapidly increasing density

halocline

zone of rapid vertical change in salinity

(1500 m/sec x time)/2

depth formula using sonar

theory of continental drift

plates are in motion, there was a super-continent called pangea

alfred wegener

who created the theory of continental drift

convergent boundary

plates are pushes towards each other

continental-continental

crust is uplifted, folded mountains form (convergent)

oceanic-oceanic

one plate forced beneath the other, creates island arcs (convergent)

oceanic-continental

denser oceanic crust subducts, created volcanic islands and deep ocean trenches (convergent)

divergent boundary

plates pushed away from each other, allows magma to flow up

transform boundary

two plates slide against each other

convection

______ currents in the crust cause plate tectonics

continental shelf

shallow submerged extension of a continent, where most marine life exists

continental slope

transition between gently descending shelf and deep ocean floor, contains submarine canyons

continental rise

gently sloping depositional, surface at the base of the continental slope

abyssal plain

flat featureless expanses of sediment, covers 70% of ocean floor, sunlight does not penetrate

mid-ocean ridge

mountainous chain of young basaltic rock at an active spreading center, found at divergent boundaries

rift valley

valleys formed in between mid-ocean ridge peaks

seamount

volcanic peaks that do not rise above the surface

tablemount

seamounts that have their tops flattened by erosion

submarine canyon

canyon formed in the continental slope

barrier reef

developments of coral reef separated by a lagoon from the landmass that it is grown on

fringing reed

develop at a margin of a landmass where temperature, salinity, turbidity, and depth are suitable for reef building

atoll

form on a subsiding continental shelf or around the margin of a sinking volcanic island

terrigenous sediments

sediments derived from the weathering of rock and parent material, 45% of ocean sediments

biogenous sediments

sediments where the chemical composition consists primarily of calcium carbonate or silica, derived from plants and animals

hydrogenous sediments

sediments that form directly from chemical reactions in seawater

cosmogenous sediments

originate from outer space, found where comets or asteroids have hit earth

bathymetry

the study of ocean floor depth

denser

high pressure air is _____ than low pressure air

high

____ pressure air sinks towards low pressure air

thermohaline circulation

vertical movement, initiated at the ocean surface at high latitudes, responsible for mixing of deep ocean water

flotsam

debris in the water from cargo ships

ekman spiral

used to describe direction and speed of surface waters at various depths, steady wind results in surface flow of water 45 degrees to the right of the wind, keeps going until about 100 m deep

net effect

a transport of water at 90 degrees to the wind

surface currents

masses of water that flow from place to place, caused by wind, transports heat, nutrients, marine life, and sediments

gyres

wind-driven currents combined into circular loops, travel clockwise in northern hemisphere, counterclockwise in southern hemisphere

upwelling

large volumes of cooler bottom water moves towards the surface

downwelling

downward vertical current that pushes surface water to the bottom

hurricane

large rotating storm system of low-pressure air with converging winds at the center

wind gets drawn into a low pressure area near the surface

how does a hurricane form

great ocean conveyor

a global thermohaline circulation that helps to mix the ocean, constantly moving so helps balance climate and brings in nutrients

oxygen

what does the great ocean conveyor bring to the deep ocean

surface currents powered by winds

what’s the difference between surface currents and vertical circulations

el nino southern oscillation

a warm-water current that is recurring usually every 2-7 years

warmer

el nino brings ___ water to california coast

trade winds change direction

what causes el nino

trade winds

air moving from subtropical-high pressure belts towards the equatorial low-pressure belt

westerlies

found between approximately 30-60 degrees latitude and blow towards the poles

polar easterlies

found between approximately 60 and 90 degrees latitude

coriolis effect

tendency of the path of an object to shift the to right (clockwise) in the northern hemisphere and to the left (counterclockwise) in the southern hemisphere

gulf stream

current that brings water northward along the east coast of the united states

brings warm water to to east coast of united states and europe

what does the gulf stream do

spring tides

tidal ranges at their maximum during opposition and conjunction, sun and moon are lined up

neap tides

tidal ranges are at their minimum during quadrature, sun and moon are at right angles to each other

crest

highest part of a wave

trough

lowest part of a wave

wave height

vertical distance from trough of wave to crest

wavelength

horizontal distance between two crests or two troughs

wave period

time that elapses during the passing of one wavelength