week 1 lab

mikro

means ‘of minute size

skopion

refers to ‘means of viewing

Simple microscopes

use the power of a single lens to magnify a given sample

compound microscopes

use an objective lens to collect an image enhanced by a secondary system of lenses

Compound microscope

-A microscope that uses multiple lenses to magnify the image of a sample. A compound microscope is used to examine materials at high magnification (40-1000x), which is accomplished by combining the effects of two lenses: the ocular lens (in the eyepiece) and the objective lenses (close to the sample).
-The total magnification is derived by multiplying the ocular lens magnification by the objective lens magnific

Brightfield Microscope

-Also known as the Compound Light
-It's an optical microscope that creates a dark image against a bright background by using light rays. It is the most common microscope used in biological, cellular, and microbiological laboratory research.
-best suited to viewing stained or naturally pigmented specimens such as stained prepared slides of tissue sections or living photosynthetic organisms

Darkfield microscope

-perfect for illuminating unstained samples against a dark background, making them appear brightly lighted. A special condenser in this type of microscope scatters light and causes it to reflect off the material at an angle. The condenser is designed to create a hollow cone of light instead of illuminating the sample with a filled cone of light.
-It is more useful in examining external details, such as outlines, edges
-ideal for viewing objects that are unstained, transparent and absorb little or no light

Phase contrast Microscope

-a light microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast of images of transparent and colourless specimens. It enables visualization of cells and cell components that would be difficult to see using an ordinary light microscope
-can also use dark field in the research of live bacterium, as well as mounted cells & tissues

Differential Interference Contrast microscope (DIC)

-Known as Nomarski microscopy or imaging, differential interference contrast microscopy takes advantage of differences in the light refraction by different parts of living cells and transparent specimens and allows them to become visible during microscopic evaluation
-type of imaging is that the three-dimens

Fluorescence Microscope

-Magnifying properties of a light microscope are merged with the fluorescence emitting properties of molecules. Fluorescence microscopy uses a high-intensity light source to trigger fluorescent molecule called as fluorophore in the sample under investigation.
-generally used in combination with anti b

Confocal Microscope

-Known as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM).
-an optical imaging technique for increase optical resolution & contrast of a micrograph by means of using spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.
-uses lasers & fluorescence to create a 3 -dimensional image of a sample.

Electron Microscope

-This is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. As the wavelength ofan electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons, electron microscopes have a higher resolving power than light microscopes and can reveal the structure of smaller object.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the surface topography and composition of the sample.

Transmission electron microscopes (TEM)

microscopes that use a particle beam of electrons to visualize specimens & generate ahighly- magnified image.

Scanning Probe Microscope

-used to create images of nanoscale surfaces and structures or manipulate atoms to move them in specific patterns. It involves a physical probe that scans over the surface of a specimen gathering data that is used to generate the image or manipulate the atoms.
-forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen.
-produces real-time images of highly magnified, three-dimensional formed specimens. SPM uses a tiny probe to scan the object's surface, bypassing the limitations of electron and light microscopy.

Cryo-electron Microscope

-The device is a modification of transmission electron microscopes (TEM). While TEMs use a beam of electrons to examine samples, most biological materials degrade in these condition
-This allows for high resolution of biomolecules by freezing them. The device also uses electron beam which does not affect biological structures thus enabling visualization of proteins, DNA and other bio- molecules as they move and perform function

Acoustic microscope

study samples using sound waves. This allows for non-invasive sample imaging.

Digital Microscopes

-presented in 1986, use a digital camera and a computer. Some devices have eyepieces, while others are entirely computer-controlled. The computer can examine image aspects that are not visible to the naked eye, such as distance measurements, fluorescence strength, and minute.

Dino-Lite digital microscopes

-a recent innovation. These are handheld devices, smaller than a pen that are capable of up to 500X magnification.

Field Of View

refers to how much you can see through the eyepiece or on the screen (FOV).

Immersion Oil

A special technique used in light microscopy that involves the immersion of both the specimen and the objective lens in a transparent oil that has a high refractive index.

Internal Structure

The inner pieces and parts that keep organisms a live, help them grow, and help them reproduce.

Magnification

The amount by which the dimensions of an image are, or appear to be, magnified when compared to the same dimensions in the actual sample is known as

Optical microscopes

Refers to an optical instrument that uses a lens or an arrangement of lenses to magnify an object.

Organelles

Cell organelles are specialized entities present inside a particular type of cell that performs a specific function.

Resolution

The ability to see small, close-together things as distinct is referred to as