History HL - Spanish Civil War Nouns

Generalissimo

the commander of a combined military force consisting of army, navy, and air force units: Franco

Cult of the Caudillo

Franco's personality cult

Caudillo

means someone who has militaristic powers

Separatist

favouring a degree of political independence or autonomy for a particular region

Anti-clerical

against the catholic church

- Teaching by religious orders banned

- Prohibition of display of religious images in public buildings

- spain - secular state

- Legalization of divorce and civil marriage

- end to state financial support to the church after a period of 2 years' transition

- obligation to acquire the state's approval for official religious displays

- encouraged a spate of violent attacks against church property throughout Spain in May 1931 in which over 100 buildings were vandalized or looted

Latifundia

huge estates, owned by a few wealthy landlords and worked by laborers hired by the day

Universal male suffrage

all adult males are entitled to vote

- not really democratic since elections were strongly influenced by local caciques

Military coup

an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization, July 1936, from conservative right against Popular front, chiefly planned by General Emilio Mola

Catalan autonomy

distinctive culture, language, and history, sought political autonomy because of the economic importance of Catalonia

Militia

a military force using civilians as opposed to professional soldiers

Left wing

became the Republicans, wanted anti-clerical, separatist, military, and agrarian reforms

Right wing

became the Nationalists, reversed left wing reforms

Polikarpov I-15 & I-16

AIRCRAFT FOR REPUBLICAN

superior to aircraft used by the Nationalists in the first year of the war, helping republicans to achieve aerial supremacy in war's early months

Messerschmitt Bf 109

FOR NATIONALIST FROM GERMANY

gave the nationalists the advantage, for the Nationalist, from spring 1937, given by Germany, max speed 640 km/h, range of 850 km, two machine guns in wings, two 20 mm cannon in the wings, a 20 mm cannon in the nose, 139 supplied to Spain

Tupolev SB-2

BOMBER FROM SOVIET FOR REPUBLICANS

Soviet bomber given to the Republicans, on paper, the most powerful bomber aircraft in Spain, but there were few deployed and they performed poorly

Heinkel 111

BOMBER FOR NATIONALIST FROM GERMANY

superior bomber when compared to Tupolev SB-2, for the Nationalist, from spring 1937, given by Germany, max speed of 310 km/h, range of 2400 km, 2000 kg as main bomb load, cannon and machine guns, 95 supplied to Spain

Guerra celere

WAR WITH ITALIANS BASED ON SPEED ON ARMORED VEHICLES AND TANKS

rapid war, employed by Italians who relied on speed through the use of armoured vehicles and tanks supported by aircraft

Tanks (T-26, Panzer I, CV.33, CV.35)

TO SUPPORT INFANTRY NOT USED TO FULL POTENTIAL

full potential not in Spanish Civil War. Primarily used to support infantry, with tanks spread in small numbers across multiple infantry divisions

Incendiary bombs

bombs designed to start fires

Guerrilla tactics

Wanted by the extreme left since they believed the war was too reliant on conventional tactics, also wanted national labor strikes.

Conditional surrender

Surrender in which terms have been agreed between the sides beforehand.

Internal civil conflict

Within the Republicans, 'civil war within a civil war,' between the extreme left (anarchists and left-socialists) and the more moderate left (socialists and communists). The extreme left believed that far-reaching reform was being neglected by the moderate left-dominated Republican government.

Conscription

COMPULSORY ENROLLMENT

RELIED ON HEAVILY

NATIONALIST GOT BETTER TRAINING

Compulsory enrollment for service in a country's armed forces, both sides heavily relied on this. Nationalist conscripts received better training, while evasion was a huge problem for the Republic.

Labour unions

Organizations for workers that negotiate with business owners to improve working conditions.

Collectives

Factories, businesses or farmers that are run collectively by workers for their own interest. Hampered republic's ability to produce armaments.

Armaments

GUERNICA HAD FACTORY AND SUPPLIED BY FOREIGN NATIONS

Military weapons and equipment. Guernica had an armaments factory, both sides relied heavily on the foreign supply of armaments. Republican armament production was hindered by the establishment of collectives.

Appeasement

Britain and France used a diplomatic strategy of making concessions to aggressive powers, particularly Nazi Germany, to avoid conflict. Stalin was disgusted with appeasement.

Communism

A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Fascism

Nationalist, authoritarian, militaristic, corporatist, chauvinistic towards women. In opposition to communism, socialism, liberalism, and democracy. Has the organisational characteristics of a single authoritarian leader, a single party state, the creation of mass movements, and the use of ritual, symbols, ceremony, and mass meetings.

Propaganda

Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a particular cause, doctrine, or point of view.

Censorship

The suppression or removal of writing, artistic work, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security.

Barter economy

EXCHANGE WITHOUT USING MONEY

The exchange of goods or services without the use of money. Abolition of money in many of the collectives, where a barter economy prevailed, caused problems in negotiations with the government.

Civil marriage

Marriage in which the ceremony is not performed by a religious official.

Junta

Military-led government

The rebels established an anti-communist junta, called the National Defence Council, which attempted to open negotiations with Franco for a conditional surrender

Miguel Primo de Rivera

-power as result of a military coup

- established himself as a dictator

- Reforms were too much for the right and too little for the left

- Alienated both reformers and the conservative elites, who resented the increased financial burden

- Stepped down on 28 January 1930.

King Alfonso XIII

- virtually powerless monarch that remained the head of state during Primo de Rivera's dictatorship

- Requested Primo de Rivera's retirement after he became increasingly unpopular

- After Primo de Rivera's retirement, he hoped to gain popular support for a continuation of monarchical rule and arranged for an election

- Election results showcased an endorsement for a democratic republic

- Refused to abdicate but did leave Spain.

Alejandro Lerroux

Led the Radical Party

Niceto Alcalá-Zamora

PRESIDENT 1931-1933

Moderate

- Chosen as President during the 1931-1933 left-wing government, dissolved Parliament and called for general elections for the 1931-1933 left-wing government and the 1933-1936 right-wing government.

Largo Caballero

LED PSOE

- Leader of the left-wing faction of the PSOE, became extreme and spoke of a social revolution.

- Refused to participate in the government on the grounds that any coalition would dilute the social reform agenda they wanted.

Jose Maria Gil-Robles

The leader of the right-wing CEDA party, involved in an abortive right-wing plot trying to prevent the Popular Front from taking power at all.

General Jose Sanjurjo

Led an abortive military coup against the 1931-1933 left-wing government in August 1932.

Indalecio Prieto

Competed against Caballero's PSOE faction, Caballero's supporters vetoed his appointment as prime minister in May 1936.

Santiago Casares Quiroga

PRIME MINISTER

Underestimated the seriousness of the political situation and failed to save the fragmenting Popular Front.

Emilio Mola

Conservative rightist, chiefly planned the revolt against the Popular Front in July 1936. Recognized the importance of civilian support and established links with the monarchists and CEDA to ensure their participation.

Antonio de Olivera Salazar

Dictator of Portugal, sympathetic to the Nationalist cause.

Francisco Franco

Led the Spanish Army of Africa, became the leader of the Nationalists by September 1936, eventually became Spain's dictator.

General Yague

Ordered the Army of Africa to shoot some 2000 people during the Massacre of Badajoz.

Adolf Hitler

Supported the Nationalist side of Spain. Wanted to contain Republican communism, but also saw the Spanish Civil War as a testing ground for weaponry. Wanted quick repayments, mainly by means of trade in food and mineral resources - war debt.

Mussolini

Supported the Nationalist side of Spain, dictator of Italy, provided crucial military support.

Stalin

Supported the Republic side of Spain, supported communism. Provided military aid.

Dr. Juan Negrin

Largo Caballero's successor from May 1937

- acted to strengthen ties with the Soviet Union

- Prime Minister for Republicans, aim was to prolong the war so that a general European war would soon break out between fascist and democratic states into which the Spanish conflict would be subsumed.

Leon Blum

French Prime Minister, socialist, initially seemed favorable to the Republican government and agreed on 20 July 1936 to send a shipment of armaments.

Federica Montseny

Republican, a leading Anarchist, appointed by Largo Caballero to become Minister for Public Health and Assistance in 1936. Spain's first female government minister in November 1936.

(fm for first female minister)

Dolores Ibárruri

Republican, high-ranking Communist Party member, became famed for her speeches and leadership of organizations promoting welfare provisions for victims of the war.

Milicianas

Women in Republican Spain that participated in militias.

Lina Odena

A woman fighter for the Republican side, leader of the communist youth movement, killed near Granada.

Pact of San Sebastian (1930)

OVERTHROW MILITARY DICTATORSHIP AUG 1930 MEETING

Crucial part of the overthrow of the military dictatorship and the establishment of a new democratic republic. Opponents of the monarchy and the dictatorship met in the Basque town of San Sebastian in August 1930 to discuss the potential overthrow of the regime.

Agrarian Reform Law

Passed on 9 September 1932

- aimed at dismantling latifundia states through redistribution of land by expropriating land from landlords whose estates exceeded 300 hectares of arable land or whose yield amounted to over 10,000 pesetas a year

- Only succeeded in resettling 10% in first year.

Law of Municipal Boundaries

- 28 April 1931

- Prohibited employers from bringing in workers from outside a given region until all those within the locality had jobs

- preventing landlords from breaking strikes

Law of Obligatory Cultivation

7 May 1931

- aimed to increase employment by forcing landlords to farm their lands to employ more workers

- Frequently ignored by landlords, partly because they only incurred minimal fines.

Catalan Statute

September 1932, gave limited autonomy to Catalonia.

Law for the Defence of the Republic

- Banned spontaneous strikes & allowed for arrest and deportation of suspected instigators. - increased disillusionment towards government from those on the far left, while doing little to halt the demonstrations.

Non-Intervention Agreement

Agreement between the various European countries, that they would not send supplies to Spain.

- This was started by the French government as they were anxious to assist the Spanish republic but unwilling to intervene directly.

Labour Charter

Passed in March 1938 and promised to 'liberate' married women from work in workshops and factories.

Decree of Unifications (1936)

Merged Spain's Falangist and Carlist political parties into a single legal entity under Francisco Franco.

Spanish Morocco

Refers to the significant proportion of Morocco that was controlled by Spain as a colony from 1906.

Basque country

For iron and steel, strong tradition of separatism.

Asturias

For coal mining.

Catalonia

For textile industries, strong tradition of separatism.

Spanish Republic

The short-lived Spanish Republic underwent significant changes in governments between 1931 and 1936.

Pronunciamientos

A form of military rebellion or coup d'état (1874, 1923 - Primo de Rivera).

17 July 1936

When the Spanish Civil War began - when significant numbers of military garrisons throughout Spain and Spanish Morocco revolted against the left-wing Republican government.

Bolshevik Revolution

Successful communist revolution in Russia in October 1917 led by the Bolshevik Party.

June 1931 elections

A resounding triumph for the left-wing parties; PSOE won 116 seats.

November 1933 elections

The left-wing coalition government was voted out of power.

- defeat was in significant part due to the loss of support from elements of the more extreme left (anarchists and the left-wing faction of the PSOE, led by Largo Caballero)

- government's reforms did not go far enough to address Spain's socioeconomic problems

February 1936 elections

Resulted in another left-wing government known as the Popular Front.

- a broad union of left-wing parties including republicans, socialists and communists

Great Depression

Economic downturn leading to decreased industrial productivity, increased unemployment, and political tensions in Spain.

Casas Viejas in Cadiz

Incident where 19 peasants were killed by the government's Assault Guards, reflecting the government's firm stance against militant demonstrations.

Uprising at Asturias

- Serious uprising in October 1934 by left-wing parties aiming to remove the right-wing government

- resulting in the establishment of an independent workers' republic controlling one-third of the province.

Gil-Robles plot

- Abortive right wing plot led by gil robles(CEDA Leader)

- Oppose popular front power takeover

- Evidence of drift to extremism- anti democratic and fascist falange

- Assassinate jose caluo sotelo (right wing monarchist leader) by republican gov troops

Assassination of Jose Calvo-Sotelo

The killing of right-wing monarchist leader by government troops

- 13 July 1936, highlighting the need to stop left-wing violence.

Military uprising of July 1936

Revolt that began in Morocco on 17 July 1936, spreading to military units throughout Spain and leading to the Spanish Civil War.

Merida & Badajoz

Cities captured by Nationalist forces by 15 August 1936 after fierce battles.

Massacre of Badajoz

Incident where approximately 2000 people were shot by order of General Yagüe during the Spanish Civil War.

Talavera de la Reina

Republican town that fell to the Army of Africa in a single day despite being defended by several thousand militiamen.

Fortress of Alcázar near Toledo

- Medieval fortress besieged by Republicans

- 2000 Nationalist troops were trapped

- General Franco's diversion of forces to relieve it.

Many battles of Madrid

Strategic priority

Aug 1936-oct 1936

- Nationalist army of africa+italy+germany, capture merida and badajoz

- Republicans are ill equipped and ill prepared militia

- Fortress of alcazar(september)

- franco wanted symbolic nationalist victory

Oct-dec

- Nationalists begin artillery bombardment, aid from Germany

- Republican gov moves to valencia

- Nationalists halted at casa de campo

- Republicans helped by ussr + mexico- supplies

- Outcalls the gernman/italian weapons

- Republican advantage in manpower, regular troops, militia, international brigades

Madrid + northern spain

1937- nationalists control ⅔

- Republican ability is doubted

Jan 1937- march 1937

- Attempt to encircle and subdue madrid

- After fall of barcelona, republican resistance dissipates

Casa de Campo

- large urban park to the west of Madrid

- republican government moved to Valencia although the nationalist advance into Madrid from the west was halted at Casa de Campo

Málaga Campaign

Nationalists try to get control of south spain

- malaga- early 1937

Helped by italian troops - guerra clere

Guadalajara Campaign

- Aimed to take Madrid from the city's north-east.

- March 1937

- Decisive victory for republicans.

Vizcaya Campaign

- Began with aerial bombing raids on Ochandiano and Durango (devastated in March 1937, hundreds of civilians killed)

- afterwards Nationalist troops occupied the towns, encountering little resistance.

Guernica

26 April 1937 - targeted by Italian and German bomber and fighter aircraft.

- Bombers released incendiary bombs

- German fighters strafed roads full of fleeing

Bilbao

- Nationalists breached city's fortress defences following heavy artillery and aerial bombardment, while also blockading by sea, which starved the city of supplies

- surrendered on 19 June 1937.

Gijón

Northern control complete- oct 1937 Result of nationalist air supremacy.

- 22 October 1937

Barcelona

- Republican internal divisions on war's conduct

- Fell to nationalists January 1939

Brunete

- July 1937: First major republican offensive war- relieve madrids siege.

- Initially successful, then not. Stopped by anti tank weapons. Lost sky control- air attack and communications break down- can't coordinate.

Teruel

Dec 1937/Jan 1938: Republican want to divert nationalists from madrid-> launch attack near teruel.

- Initially successful, fail to advance. - Nationalists trap republicans in town and attack- republican loss and surrender.

Ebro Offensive

Jul 1938/nov 1938: Rebublicans want to force nationalists north- to prolong war.

- improvement in organization discipline

- Use of tanks was not good, Strong nationalist resistance (Aircrafts & Pushed back full in november)

- Big loss of troops and equipment- can no longer prolong conflict.

Surrender @ Madrid

March 27, 1939

- After the fall of Barcelona

- Republicans resistance dissipated

- President resigns and is exiled

- Franco recognized as legit head of spain. - Negrin's prolonging strategy didn't work- opposers of him rebelled in madrid- 5 march 1939.

- Republicans establish anti-communist junta- national defense council.

- Attempt negotiation for conditional surrender- internal civil conflict.

- Franco says no.

Left-wing Republican gov't

These were coalition governments, which included the June 1931-November 1933 gov't and the Popular Front (February 1936-July 1936).