DNA /RNA, Honors Biology Unit 5 Test: DNA/ RNA, Protein Synthesis and Mutations T

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid,an organisms genetic information

Deoxyribose

the 5 carbon sugar that makes up the back bone of the dna molecule

Phosphate group

the 3 phosphates that make up the back bone of the dna molecule

Nucleotide

made up of 1 deoxyribose, 1 phosphate group and one of 4 nitrogen bases (a,t,c,g)

Adenine

a dna component, a chemical (purine) that is always combined with a thymine (pyrimidine)

Guanine

a dna component, a chemical (purine) that is always combined with a cytosine (pyrimidine)

Thymine

a dna component, a chemical (pyrimidine) that is always combined with an adenine (purine)

Cytosine

a dna component, a chemical (pyrimidine) that is always combined with an guanine (purine)

Base Pair Rule

the rule for nitrogen base pairing, A-T & G-C

Double Helix

the shape of the DNA molecule, like a twisted ladder

Hydrogen Bond

the weak bond that holds nitrogen bases (a,t,c,g) together

DNA replication

the process by which a cell copies a dna molecule prior to mitosis

Helicase

an enzyme that "unzips" the dna molecule in preparation for replication

DNA Polymerase

an enzyme that finds and places complimentary nucleotides in open areas of the original dna strand

Semi Conservative Model

the idea that dna replication saves half of the original dna strand when replicating

RNA

ribonucleic acid, a spiral helix strand that reads dna instructions to make proteins

Uracil

a chemical found in a rna molecule

Ribose

the sugar found in rna molecules

tRna

a molecule involve in protein synthesis that transports an amino acid and has an anticodon

mRna

a molecule that carries a message for making proteins

Rna Polyermase

an enzyme that make the polymer rna in transcription

codon

a three letter base on a rna molecule

anti-codon

a three letter base on a tRna molecule

amino acid

a monomer that makes up the polymer protein

helix

the single strand molecule produced in transcription

transcription

the process of making rna from a segment of dna called a gene

translation

the process where a tRna decodes a rna to make a protein

protein synthesis

the process involving transcription & translation whereby proteins are made

The 4 bases of RNA are:

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

RNA types

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

In RNA, adenine matches up with

uracil

mRNA

messenger RNA

tRNA

transfer RNA

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA

Transcription

DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

Codon

A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

Anticodon

A sequence of three bases of a tRNA molecule that pairs with the complementary three-nucleotide codon of an mRNA molecule during protein synthesis.

translation

Process by which a ribosome binds to mRNA

Can more than one codon code for the same amino acid?

YES!

Mutations can be

neutral, beneficial, or harmful

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

nucleotide of DNA

nitrogenous base, deoxyribose, phosphate

Uracil

a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA)

frameshift mutation

mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.

DNA is located in the _____ of the cell of eukaryotes.

nucleus

What sugar is in RNA?

ribose

The scientists credited with establishing the structure of DNA are

Watson and Crick

Genes contain instructions for assembling

proteins

DNA polymerases

Enzymes responsible for adding nucleotides to the exposed DNA template bases

DNA replication results in

2 DNA MOLECULES EACH WITH ONE NEW STRAND AND ONE ORIGINAL STRAND

Gene regulation in eukaryotes

allows for cell specialization

frameshift mutation

mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

substitution mutation

point mutation in which one nitrogeneous base (nucleotide) is changed to another

frameshift mutations

mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide. KNOW THE EFFECTS.

substitution mutations

Mutation in which a single base is replaced, potentially altering the gene product. KNOW THE EFFECTS.

effects of mutations

may switch some genes on or off, which may affect how genes are expressed, may change the shape of an enzyme or weaken a structural protein

During translation, the amino acid detaches from the tRNA molecule and attaches to the end of a growing protein chain when=

tRNA anticodon is paired up with the mRNA codon

Mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome due to incorrect copying.