Exam 2 - Music Appreciation

Guade Maria virgo date

early 13th century

Alleluia, O virga mediatrix composer

Hildegard of Bingen

Alleluia, O virga mediatrix genre

plainchant

Guade Maria virgo genre

organum

Guade Maria virgo composer

Notre Dame School Organum (possibly by Perotin)

Fair Phyllis date

1599

Si ch’io vorrei morire genre

English madrigal

Gloria date

1567

Gloria composer

Palestrina

Gloria genre

Pope Marcellus Mass, Gloria

middle ages

476- 1450

music of the church, single melody, nonmetric

plainchant

set order of church services and structure of each

liturgy

things that may change during the service

proper

things that are set in a service

ordinary

start of music notation

neums

given to the church as a tithe, becomes a composer

Hildegard of Bingen

Dido and Aeneas, Act III composer

Purcell

ars nova

new art

ars antiqua

old art

Renaissance

1450-1600

what was the Renaissance a rebirth of?

Greek and Roman texts

word painting, music emphasizing the denotation of a word

madrigalisms

Which branch of Christianity embraced polyphony?

Protestant

which branch of Christianity embraced monophony?

Calvinists

Counter Reformation in the Renaissance that returned to a pure vocal style and avoided virtuosity

Council of Trent

Giovanni Pierluigi de Palestrina (1525 - 1594) was referred to as what?

Savior of the mass

in the 16th century, what music became readily available?

published dance music

3 types of dances in the Renaissance

pavane, saltarello, ronde

A collection of dances from the Renaissance

Danserye

misshapen or distorted

Baroque

Baroque period

1600-1750

Wachet auf, No. 4 Unison chorale genre

Cantata

Wachet auf, No. 4 Unison composer

Bach

Messiah No. 18 "Rejoice greatly” and No. 44 “Hallelujah” composer

Handel

The Four Seasons Op. 8 composer

Vivaldi

The Four Seasons Genre

concerto

Little composer

Bach

Little Genre

Fugue in G Minor

Dido and Aeneas, Act III genre

Opera

Messiah genre

Oratorio

octave divided into 12 equal intervals

equal temperament

In the Baroque era, what was used far more often as an expressive device?

dissonance

“flashy” music, “showing off”

virtuosity

young boys or older boys that can sing very high

Castrati

three components of opera

recitative, aria, libretto

moves plot and action of opera forward, sparse accompaniment, where the story is actually told

Recitative

highly emotional lyrical song , action is frozen, “flashy” or “show-off” type song

aria

text or script of the opera

Libretto

person who writes the story of an opera

Librettist

writes the music to an opera or other work

Composer

where was the first public opera house

Venice

A sacred vocal form, similar to opera but performed without scenery or costumes

Oratorio

can be sacred or secular, often times (when sacred) is in support of the sermon

Cantata

group of short dances

suite

first public concert hall

Zimmerman’s

one or more featured instruments with larger orchestral ensemble, three movements: Allegro-Adagio-Allegro, ritornello form

Concerto

recurring block of music (orchestral)

ritornello form

strings plucked by quills, tone not sustained, dynamic extremes not possible

harpsichord

set of pipes with contrasting tone colors, multiple keyboards (manuals)

Organ

systematic elaboration of short musical ideas written for solo keyboard, groups of instruments, voices

Fugue

main theme, unifying idea, single theme pervades (Fugue)

Subject

subject imitated in another voice (Fugue)

Answer

three contrapuntal devices

inversion, retrograde, augmentation

ways to change a melody

Contrapuntal Devices

BWV

Bach Works Catalogue

credited for standardizing the songs sung in church

Pope Gregory

another name for a plainchant

Gregorian chant

where was knowledge preserved during the Middle Ages?

Monasteries

musicians and poets from Southern France who specifically focus on courtly love

troubadours

what language is used in secular music?

vernacular

language of the church

Latin

head of the protestant reformation, posted Ninety-Five Thesis, 1517, excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church

Martin Luther

why was martin luther important to music?

embraced vernacular text and polyphony

What did the Council of Trent do for music?

returned to a pure vocal style

where did madrigals develop?

Italy

what music did amateur musicians perform during the renaissance?

madrigals and chansons

what modern-day country gave birth to the Renaissance?

Italy

revolutionized polyphonic vocal music, introduced a new level of emotional expressiveness and textual clarity in the renaissance

Josquin de Prez

In what period was: instrumental music a major focus, an emphasis placed on virtuosity and expression

Baroque Period

a method of psalm singing, sung by leader, congregation repeats

Lining-Out

One of the composers from the “First New England School” of American composers, self-taught musician, published composer, singing schoolteacher

William Billings

opening of an opera (sometimes)

Overture

variations of scales that produce a unique musical character

Modes

Publication by William Billings which became the first American national anthem and what book was it from

“Chester” from The New-England Psalm-Singer

what does polyphony require in order to develop? 

a second line of music

Where was polyphony first brought out and by who is this accredited? 

Notre Dame, Léonin

Wrote “Great Book of Organum” and introduces the style of organum

Leonin

latin word for “indoor” or “soft” instruments

bas

latin word for “outdoor” or “loud” music

haut

a philosophical stance that prioritizes the individual and collective potential of human beings, advocating for a good life based on reason, compassion, and a commitment to human welfare

humanism

Where did the Renaissance begin?

Florence

Josquin de Prez introduced what genre of music?

motets

Characteristics of Renaissance music

emphasis on polyphony and word painting

popular singer from the Baroque period, illegitimate daughter of 

Barbara Strozzi

what honorable option did women have to be involved in music of sorts during the Baroque period?

join a convent

What other genres applied the concepts of the baroque suite?

orchestral suites

Which Concertos did Bach write?

Brandenburg Concertos

What instrumental ensemble emerged during the Baroque period?

Orchestra

For what instrument did Bach write most of his works?

Organ