Quiz 2 - Social Philosophy

Individualism

the view that individual organisms have primary moral concern

Vivisection

surgical procedure on living animals for the purpose of experimentation or education

Speciesism

invented by Peter Singer, discriminating based on species

Anthropocentrism

focused on the human only

Animal rights

animals should be treated with respect & as if they have rights

Animal welfare

concern for the wellbeing of non-human animals

Holism

ecosystems of species have primary moral concern

Virtue Environmental Ethics

avoiding causing harm to animals within the ecosystem

Range property

the property exists on a range, but you either have the property or do not

ad hominem

attacking the person, not the argument

Argument from adverse consequences

if we allow this, there will be other, worse consequences; snowball

Appeal to tradition

argument relying on “what has always happened”

Argumentum ad baculum

appeal to fear

Argumentum ad ignorantiam

argument relying on people’s ignorance

Argumentum ad populum

bandwagon fallacy, appeal to popularity

Confirmation bias

focuses on evidence that support our already held beliefs

False dichotomy

considering only the extremes (black/white)

Correlation vs. causation

confusing correlated factors with the cause

Half-truths

omits some of the facts in an argument

Appeal to authority

using the words of an “expert” or authority instead of evidence

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

“it happened after, so it was caused by”

Strawman

creating a false, weaker argument and then attacking it

Two wrongs make a right

justifying one wrong by accusing others of doing the same thing

Moral realism

there are moral facts

Moral anti-realism

no universal norm, constructivists, societies make up morality

Structural functionalism

humans naturally establish institutions and norms because of our psychology; body = society, organ = institution

The Primacy of the Social

structural functionalism deemphasizes the role and power of the individual, anti-S.F.

Social constructivism

social practices & social institutions are human constructs

Signifiers

signs that convey meanings, intentions, instructions, expectations; theory under constructivism

Ontology of the present

Foucalt’s archaeology of how we got here, who we are from the history to the present

Fearless speech

Foucalt’s mode of discourse to contest the status quo

Doctrine of Double Effect

we are not morally blameworthy if the ends are good, the bad effect must not be intended

The field of moral play

when we are brought into a situation in which we have moral obligations