Biology Final

Hetertroph

An organism that cannot make its own food and gets food by consuming other living things.

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

What are the 6 kingdoms?

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Animalia

eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic

Plantae

eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic

Protista

eukaryotic, both hetero and auto, multi and uni cellular

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

prokaryotic, hetero and auto, unicellular

Biotic

the living factors in an area

Abiotic

non-living factors in an area

Consumer

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

Producer

An organism that makes its own food

Ecology

the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment

Ecosytem

A community of organism and their abiotic environment. (nonliving factors like oxygen, water, rocks, sand, sunlight, temp., climate.)

Food chain

Energy flow from one trophic level to the next forms a \_________

food web

Interconnected groups of food chains.

Terrestial Biomes

Biomes on land, Can be grouped by latitude into tropical, temperate and high latitude biomes

Aquatic Biomes

Freshwater ecosystems( lakes and ponds), wetlands, estuaries and marine ecosystems(oceans)

Habitat

Is the place where an organism or population lives

Community

A groups of various species or populations that live in the same place and interact with each other.

Taxonomy

classification system for organisms

Heirachy

Structure of different levels of authority within an organisation, one on top of the other, we have 5 levels today but there is 8

List the 8 levels of classification in order

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Binomial Nomenclature

2 word naming system, latin, uses genus + species, Genus is capitalized and species is lower case, underlined or in italics

What are viruses?

they are disease causing particles

What is a bacteriophage?

A robot like virus that infects bacteria

What is Viral Reproduction callled?

Replication

List the parts of a virus:

envelope, spikes, capsid, DNA OR RNA

What are the 2 replication cycles names?

lytic and lysogentic

Which replication cycle kills the cell the fastest?

Lytic Cycle

Antigen

the foreign invader (like a virus or bacteria) therefore all pathogens are this

Antibody

a disease fighting protein produced by the WBC to fight the antigen

What are the types of Immunity?

Artificial (active and passive) and Natural (active and passive)

Artificial Passive

get a shot of premed antibodies; gives immediate immunity but short lived

Artificial Active

vaccination which gives you long term immunity but takes 2 weeks to start working

Natural Passive

a baby receives antibodies from its mother through the placenta and breast milk

Natural Active

you get the disease; suffer and produce your own antibodies

Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic

organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

Eukaryotic

has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

What are the 4 types of Archaebacteria?

methanogens, thermoacidophiles, extreme halophiles, chemo synthesizers

Thermoacidophiles

live in hot, acidic environments

Methanogens

a methane-producing bacterium

extreme halophiles

salt loving bacteria

chemo synthesizers

uses nitrogen to make its food, found in deep ocean vents and around roots

Cell wall

thick structure around the cell (peptidoglycan)

cell membrane

transporter and acts as a barrier

capsule

protects the bacteria from white blood cells

chromosome

genetic material; DNA of a cell and regulates cell activites

cytoplasm

where metabolism and replication happens, cell growth, and where chemical reactions take place

ribosomes

where proteins are made; building blocks of proteins

plasmid

circular piece of DNA that gives special capabilities to the cell

flagella

enables movement

pili

transporter; genetic exchange

List the 4 types of Reproduction Methods:

Binary Fission, conjugation, transformation, transduction

Binary Fission

asexual reproduction in which a cell divides into two equal parts

Conjugation

cell to cell transfer of DNA

Transformation

picks up DNA from a dead bacteria cell

Transduction

foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus; genetic exchange

Vertebrate

animals that have a endoskeleton; animals w/ a backbone

invertebrate

animals that have an exoskeleton; animals with out a backbone

radial symmetry

body parts extend from the center of these animals can be divided into equal halves by any number of imaginary planes through their center

bilateral symmetry

in which a single imaginary plane divides the body into left and right sides that are mirror images of one another

Radial Symmetry animals are usually...?

sessile

Do radial symmetrical Animals have anterior or posterior surfaces?

no; but they do have dorsal and ventral

Axial Skeleton includes

skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

appendicular skeleton includes

Girdles and appendages

Dorsal

backside

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Anterior

front of the body

Posterior

toward the back

Ventral

belly side

What are the three types of mammals?

monotremes, marsupials, placentals

Monotremes

Egg laying mammals, have a cloaca, can't control their body tempt

Marsupial

mammals that give birth to small, underdeveloped young that develop in a mother's external pouch

Placental Mammal

mammals whose young develop inside the mother's body and are nourished by the mother's body until birth

Human Digestive tract

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, cecum of large intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

liver

makes bile

Gallbladder

stores bile

Pancreas

makes enzymes

What do the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder empty into?

the duodenum

List the parts of the human heart:

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aorta

Pulmonary arteries

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs

pulmonary veins

a vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

capillaries

Smallest blood vessels

List the parts of the human brains

Cerebrum, Cerebeleum, Brain Stem

Cerebrum

area of higher mental processes; thinking, memory, etc

Cerebellum

coordinates skeletal muscle movement (balance)

Brain Stem

vital functions, respitory

List the parts of the urinary system

made in kidney, ureters, blatter, urethra

asexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

sexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Oviparity

lay eggs

Viviparity

live birth

What do both types of fish have?

a lateral line system

(Frog) glottis

oral cavity leads to the lungs

(Frog) vomerine teeth

2, in the roof of the mouth to hold prey