Anth Midterm 2 - Primate classification

Strepsirrhini

• lemurs, galagos, lorises

• where: subsaharan africa, madigascar, south/southeast asia

• most nocturnal - large eyes

• post orbital bar only

• rely on scent more than haplorhines

• wet nose

• grooming claw - on second digit of foot (pointy for grooming)

• dental comb - on inside of incisors for grooming

primate order is divided into two groups called what

• strepsirrine 

• haplorhine 

what 2 groups of strepshirrines are there?

1. lemuriformes - only found in madagascar and neighbouring islands, lemur accidentally got over to madagascar island (adaptive radiation), vertical cling and leaping or quadrupedal travel, small and medium sized, diurnal and nocturnal, female dominance (the only primates with female dominance), there are 5 families only need to know ring tail lemur

2. lorisiformes - nocturnal only, small bodied, generally solitary or in small family units, eat insects gum nectar and some fruit, arboreal, residents in forest of africa and asia, leave dependent offspring in nests in hollows of trees or hidden in vegetation 

what 2 families are lorisiformes divided into

1. galagidae - africa only, fast movers, very active, leap and jump on insects (active hunters), small, arboreal, run and leap great distances through trees and branches 

2. lorsidae - africa and asia, often still, slow movers, when they move when they are hunting they are creeping on insects slowly, writs and ankles have specialized blood vessels that allow them to remain immobile for long periods 

haplorhines

• tarsiers, platarrhines, cattahrines

• dry nose

• diurnal (except tarsiers and owl monkeys)

• more derived primates

• reduced reliance on smell and hearing (flatter face, shorter snout)

• large complex brains - longer juvenile dependency, increased parental care/investment, increased social complexity, more behavioural complexity

what 2 categories can haplorrhines be divided into

1. tarsiiformes - retain primitive morphology, look like strepsirrhines bc they are nocturnal and small, need to know spectral tasier, hunt insects (only completely carnivorous primate), give birth to infants that weigh 25% of their own weight, mothers leave infants in hiding places when they forage for insects

2. anthropoidea - all monkeys and apes (divided into platyrrhine and catarrhine)

platarrhine + example

• found in S and C america and southern mexico but arrived from africa

• broad outward facing nostrils

• 2.1.3.3 dental formula

• smaller than catarrhine

• diversity in size diet and social organizations but share basic features

• some are quadrupedal and move along branches and jump between trees (all are arboreal)

• new world monkeys

• prehensile tail (most monkeys don’t have this)

• tail has fingerprint at the end

• minimal sexual dimorphism - male and female body size similar

• diurnal (except owl monkey)

• capuchins

• a. white faced - costa rica, bang on clams to weaken muscles to open

• b. brown tufted - brazil, bang nuts on rock to open (tool use)

catarrhines + subdivisions 

• found in africa and eurasia

• narrow nostril facing downward

• 2.1.2.3. formula 

• larger than platyrrhine 

• occupy a wider variety of habitats 

• old world monkey 

• apes and monkeys

• divided into two superfamilies: cercopithecoidea (monkeys) and hominoidea (apes and humans)

what are the 2 subdivisions of catarrhines + examples

1. cercopithecoidea (monkeys) - wide variety of env (tropical asia, sub saharan africa, north africa, arabian peninsula, widest env tolerance (not always hot climates like the japanese macaques), all diurnal, single births, some species terrestrial, sexually dimorphic, large body sizes

2. hominoidea (apes and humans) - no tails, large body size and weight, larger brain to body weight ratio, upright posture, longer gestation and maturation, large brain = longer lifespan and longer time in juvenile

what are the 2 subfamilies of cercopithecoidea + examples

1. cercopithecinae (fruit eaters) - broad incisors, low cusps, cheek pouches to hold food, simple stomach, shorter limbs, africa and asia, diet varies from fruit, grass, tubers, leaves, insects, etc, wide range of habitats like savanna, rain forest, mountain, desert, high sexual dimorphism, most terrestrial species than in any other primate group, japanese macques, babboon (hamadryas and chacma babboon)

2. colobinae (leaf eaters) - narrow incisors, high cusps, no cheek pouches, complex stomach containing bacteria to break down cellulose, long limbs, africa and asia, phayres leaf monkey, colobus monkey, langur, arboreal, high sheering crests on teeth,

what are the 2 categories of hominodea +examples

1. hylobatidae (gibbons and suamangs) - pair bonded, southeast asia, monogamous, frugivores, move using brachiation (swing by releasing and catching themselves), long arms, short legs, strong, elongated hook fingers, highly territorial (mark territories by singing/calling/vocalization, lar gibbon 

2. greater apes (divided into pongidae [orangutans] and hominidae [african ape, human, gorilla, chimp, bonobo]) - large bodied, sexually dimorphic, terrestrial (knuckle or first walking for apes, bipedalism for us) and suspensory locomotion (not brachiation), tool use, good cognitive ability, complex diets and social systems, invest in offspring the most