Production of Lactose-Free Milk Products

This set of flashcards covers key concepts from the lecture on lactose-free milk production, including definitions, processes, and effects of lactose intolerance.

What is lactose intolerance?

A condition where individuals lack the enzyme lactase, leading to difficulties digesting lactose, resulting in symptoms like diarrhea and bloating.

What causes lactose intolerance?

Lactose intolerance is primarily caused by a decline in lactase enzyme production as people age, or due to injury to the small intestine.

What are the four types of lactose intolerance? and explain them

Primary : Classic, amount of lactase decrease with age

Secondary: Injury to the small intestine

Developmental: Premature babys, improve with age

Congenital: Extremely rare, no lactase production

What percentage of adults worldwide are affected by lactose malabsorption?

Around 65% of adults.

What are the main processes for producing lactose-free milk?

Filtration, Enzymatic hydrolysis, and Fermentation.

What enzyme is primarily used in the production of lactose-free dairy products? and where it comes from

β-Galactosidase. Yeast-bacterias-plants-fungi

How does enzymatic hydrolysis affect the sweetness of milk?

It increases the relative sweetness due to the production of glucose and galactose, which are sweeter than lactose.

What technologies are combined to produce lactose-free milk via filtration?

A combination of microfiltration (remove casein, fat, bacteria) and nanofiltration (remove water and salt) Then both are mixed together

What happens during fermentation to reduce lactose in milk?

Bacteria produce enzymes that hydrolyze lactose into glucose and galactose, and then glucose is converted into lactic acid.

Why is it important to control the temperature during the heat treatment of lactose-free milk?

To minimize potential negative effects on the milk's nutritive value and sensory qualities. Maillard reaction possible due to the sugar

What are some common foods that contain high levels of lactose?

Chocolate, ice cream, margarine, sausages, breaded meats, soups, and puddings.

What are some applications of lactose ?

It is used as a carrier and stabiliser in aromas and pharmaceuticals, in infant formulas, and in ethanol production.

What is one advantage of using continuous enzymatic hydrolysis for milk processing?

It significantly reduces costs by recovering and reusing enzymes, compared to batch processing.

What is the link between lactose intolerance and eating disorders?

Eating disorders may exacerbate lactose intolerance symptoms, impacting digestion and overall nutrition.

What are the benefits of fermented dairy products regarding lactose?

Fermented products may naturally reduce lactose content and provide probiotics and bacteriocins, extending shelf-life.

during the filtration process for free lactose milk, after which step we use the microfiltration

After the pasteurization

What is important when we add the lactase to make the free from lactose milk

The termination (15 min at 65°C) to have a good efficiency of the enzyme without destroying it