Year 11 Triple Chemistry

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts in Year 11 Triple Chemistry.

Ionic Bonding

Occurs between metals and non-metals where electrons are transferred and there are electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bonding

Occurs between non-metals where electrons are shared in pairs.

Metallic Bonding

Occurs between metals with a regular arrangement of positive ions surrounded by a 'sea' of delocalised electrons.

Ionic Compounds Melting Point

Have high melting and boiling points due to strong forces between ions that need a lot of energy to break.

Giant Covalent Compounds Melting Point

Have high melting and boiling points due to strong bonds between atoms that need a lot of energy to break.

Simple Covalent Molecules Melting Point

Have low melting and boiling points due to weak forces between molecules that don’t require much energy to break.

Conductivity of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds only conduct electricity when molten or in solution because the ions are free to move.

Conductivity of Metallic Substances

Metallic substances conduct electricity because they have free electrons that can move throughout the structure.

Conductivity of Covalent Compounds

Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity because there are no free electrons.

Diamond Hardness

Diamond is hard because each carbon atom is strongly bonded to four others through covalent bonds.

Graphite Softness

Graphite is soft because each carbon is covalently bonded to three others in layers, allowing them to slide over each other.

Graphite Conductivity

Graphite can conduct electricity as each carbon is bonded to three others, with the fourth electron able to move freely.

Fullerenes Uses

Fullerenes can be used for drug delivery, lubricants, and catalysts.

Nanometre

1 billionth of a metre; a nanoparticle contains 1-100 atoms.

Properties of Silver Nanoparticles

Antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal; used in plasters, antiseptic sprays, socks, and deodorants.

Properties of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

Absorb and reflect UV light; used in sunscreen and self-cleaning windows.

Smart Material

Materials that have properties that change reversibly when a change occurs in their environment.

Thermochromic Pigments

Change colour with temperature.

Photochromic Pigments

Change colour with changing light intensity.

Polymer Gels

Absorb water and swell or release water and shrink due to changes in pH or temperature.

Conductivity of Strong Acid

Appears red with universal indicator, pH 1-2.

Conductivity of Strong Alkali

Appears purple with universal indicator, pH 13-14.

Conductivity of Neutral Substance

Appears green with universal indicator, pH 7.

Acid Reaction with Metal

Produces a salt and hydrogen.

Acid Reaction with Carbonate

Produces fizzing due to carbon dioxide being made.

Acid Reaction with Base

Produces a salt and water.

Ore

A mineral found in the Earth's crust that contains enough metal to make it worthwhile extracting.

Oxidation and Reduction in Terms of Oxygen

Oxidation is gaining oxygen, reduction is losing oxygen.

Displacement Reaction

A chemical reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound.

Blast Furnace Raw Materials

Iron ore, coke, limestone, hot air.

Coke in Blast Furnace

Used as a fuel and produces carbon monoxide for reduction.

Limestone in Blast Furnace

Used to remove impurities as slag.

Function of Hot Air in Blast Furnace

Provides oxygen so that the coke can burn.

Electrolysis

The splitting up of a compound using electricity.

Oxidation and Reduction in Terms of Electrons

Oxidation is loss of electrons, reduction is gain of electrons.

Positive Ions to Negative Electrode

Positive ions gain electrons (are reduced).

Negative Ions to Positive Electrode

Negative ions lose electrons (are oxidized).

Cryolite in Electrolysis of Aluminium Ore

Dissolves at a temperature much lower than its melting point, saving energy.

Oxygen Produced During Electrolysis of Aluminium Oxide

Reacts with carbon electrodes producing carbon dioxide.

Properties of Metals

High melting points, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity.

Location of Transition Metals

Found between groups 2 and 3 on the periodic table.

Properties of Transition Metals

Form more than one type of ion, form coloured compounds.

Colour of Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ Ions

Fe2+- pale green, Fe3+- brown, Cu2+- blue.

Alloy Definition

A mixture made by mixing molten metals.

Factors Influencing Metal Extraction Plants Location

Transport links, electricity supply, distance from towns or cities.

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction.

Exothermic Reaction

Releases energy to surroundings, increasing temperature.

Endothermic Reaction

Absorbs energy from surroundings, decreasing temperature.

Crude Oil

A mixture of hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbon Definition

A compound made of hydrogen and carbon only.

Separation of Crude Oil

Fractional distillation: vaporised, then condensed at different points in column.

Carbon Chain Length Effect on Viscosity

Longer chain results in more viscous and darker compounds.

Carbon Chain Length Effect on Boiling Point

Longer chain results in higher boiling point due to stronger forces between molecules.

Carbon Chain Length Effect on Ignition

Shorter chain length is easier to ignite.

Combustion of Fuels

Burning in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Advantages of Hydrogen as Fuel

Water is the only product of combustion, making it renewable.

Disadvantages of Hydrogen as Fuel

Requires a lot of energy to produce and needs bulky storage.

Fire Triangle Components

Fuel, oxygen, heat.

Cracking

Heating hydrocarbons at high temperatures with a catalyst to break down into smaller molecules.

General Formula for Alkene

CnH{2n}.

Preparation of Crystals from Acid and Insoluble Base

Add excess base, filter to remove excess, evaporate water to form crystals.

First Five Alkanes

Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane.

Testing for Alkenes

Add bromine water; it changes from orange-brown to colourless.

Monomer Definition

A small reactive molecule that can join together to make a polymer.

Uses of Polythene and Poly(propene)

Polythene: bags, plastic bottles; Poly(propene): ropes, crates.

Uses of PVC and PTFE

PVC: drain pipes, window frames; PTFE: non-stick pans.

Environmental Issues of Plastics

Take up space in landfill, do not biodegrade, made from non-renewable resources.

Moles Equation

Moles = Volume (dm3) x Concentration (moldm-3).

Strong vs Weak Acid

Stronger acids have lower pH (pH 1-2), weaker acids have higher pH (3-4).

Dilute vs Concentrated Acid

Concentrated acids contain less water than dilute acids.

Identifying Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ with Sodium Hydroxide

Fe2+- green precipitate, Fe3+- brown precipitate, Cu2+- blue precipitate.

Products of Electrolysis of Water

Hydrogen and oxygen.

Competing Ions in Electrolysis

Least reactive ion will form at the electrode.

Products of Electrolysis of Salt Water

Chlorine gas, hydrogen gas, sodium hydroxide solution.

Uses of Electrolysis

Electroplating, purification of copper.

Ethanol Production from Sugar

Fermentation using an enzyme from yeast, producing carbon dioxide as waste.

Testing for Alcohols

Use acidified potassium dichromate; a colour change from orange to green indicates alcohol.

Issues with Ethanol in Drinks

May lead to antisocial behaviour and health issues like liver damage.

Uses of Ethanol

Serves as a solvent and fuel.

Benefits of Bioethanol

Renewable and carbon neutral.

Oxidation of Ethanol

Produces ethanoic acid—this slow process leads to beverages 'going off'.

Infrared Spectroscopy Use

Identifies the presence of certain bonds in organic molecules.

Reversible Reaction Definition

A reaction that can go in either direction, represented with a double arrow.

Conditions and Raw Materials for Haber Process

Conditions: 350-450°C, 150-200 atmospheres; Raw materials: nitrogen from air, hydrogen from methane.

Test for Ammonia Gas

Damp red litmus paper turns blue.

Contact Process for Sulfuric Acid Production

1. Burn sulfur in air to create sulfur dioxide. 2. React sulfur dioxide with oxygen to produce sulfur trioxide. 3. React sulfur trioxide with water to make sulfuric acid.

Uses of Sulfuric Acid

Used in making fertilisers, paints, dyes, fibres, plastics, and detergents.

Observations of Concentrated Sulfuric Acid with Sugar and Hydrated Copper Sulfate

Copper sulfate changes from blue to white and sugar turns black and swells.

Identifying Ammonium Ions

Add sodium hydroxide and warm gently to release ammonia gas, which turns damp red litmus blue.

Benefits of Nitrogenous Fertilizers

Nitrogen is needed to make protein, crucial for healthy plant growth.

Problems with Nitrogenous Fertilizers

Can cause Eutrophication if washed into waterways.