Quarter one science Benchmark

covalent bond

a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons between atoms

nonpolar covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

ion

an atom with a positive or negative charge

cat ion

positive ion

an ion

negative ion

hydrogen bond

a weak bond forming between Hydrogen and Nitrogen atoms

solute

the substance that is dissolved (salt)

solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances (water)

Acids

lower PH value, higher H+, positive

Base

higher PH value, More -OH, negative

inert

dosent react with other elements, noble gases

valance electrons

the number of electrons in the outermost energy level

isotopes

an element that has the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons

compound

two or more elements that are chemically combined

molecule

two or more atoms bonded together

polymer

Molecule composed of many monomers

macromolecules

large molecules found in living things, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

dehydration synthesis

process of linking molecules together with the removal of water

hydrolysis

Process in which molecules are broken down with the addition of water

monosaccharides

smallest simple sugars

disaccharide

a molecule made of two monosaccharides covalently bonded together

polysaccharide

a bunch of monosaccharides covalently bonded together, chitin, cellulose, starch, glycogen

structural polysaccharide

makes up the structure of plants and fungi cell walls

storage polysaccharides

used to store energy in the animal or plant

starch

plants store excess food

glycogen

animal store excess food

cellulose

make up plants cell wall

chitin

make up fungi cell wall

lipids

chain of carbons with two hydrogens attached- lipids dont dissolve in water

fats

large lipid made of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol

saturated fat

a fat with all carbons double bonded to a hydrogen- solid at room temperature

unsaturated fat

a fat that dosent have all hydrogen spots filled- liquid at room temperature

phospholipid

contains a polar head and two non polar tails- makes up the cell membrane

Fats Store

more then twice the amount of energy carbohydrates do

nucleic acids

are made of nucleotides

nucleotides

5 sided sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

nucleic acids

what makes up DNA and RNA

DNA

contains the information for synthesizing proteins

RNA

involved in the relaying genetic information

A+G C+T

DNA's structure

A+G C+U

RNA's structure

protein

made of amino acids

peptide bond

bond between amino acids in proteins

primary structure

string of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

secondary structure

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet formed by hydrogen bonds

tertiary structure

Results from interactions between side chains.

quaternary structure

two tertiary structures bonded together

denaturing proteins

when a protein loses its shape and can no longer function

temperature ph or salt concentration

causes for protein denaturing

hydrocarbons

molecule composed of hydrogen and carbon non-polar

non-polar

hydrophobic

polar

hydrophilic

functional groups

polar, used to make hydrocarbons polar

amino

acts as a base

carboxyl

can behave as an acid

hydrogenation

the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

121

arrangement of monosaccharide

steriod

a lipid composed of many attached rings, sex hormone

cell is the basic structure and function cells arise from preexisting cell

cell postulates

from where did the first cell arise origin of mitochondria and chloroplast

cell exceptions

cell fractionation

technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated

centrifugation

Separates components by density using high speed spinning

eukariotic cell

lager size, have mitochondria and chloroplast

prokaryotic cell

smaller dont have mitochondria and chloroplast

light microscope

use glass to magnify beams of light, shows things upside down and backwards, can view alive things

electron microscope

can only view dead things, can magnify more then a light microscope

transmission electron microscope

used to observe internal cell structures

scanning electron microscope

used to show the cell surface structures

bacteria and archaea

prokaryotic kingdoms

mitochondria

spot where cellular respiration takes place, releases ATP into the cell, has its own dna and makes its own proteins

chloroplast

site where photosynthesis takes place has its own DNA and makes its own proteins

central vacuole

where a plant cell stores water

freshwater protists

what living thing uses a contractile vacuole to excrete water

nucleus

an organelle that contains the genetic materials and directs protein synthesis

Rough ER

covered with ribosomes that make secretory proteins.

smooth er

create phospholipids steroid hormones fatty acids and carbohydrates and detoxify poisons

golgi apparatus

they modify and store products then ship them out

cis face

receiving side of golgi apparatus

trans face

shipping side of golgi apparatus

two

ribosomes have how many sub units

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

free ribosomes

ribosomes that make proteins for the cell

bound ribosomes

make secretory proteins

lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

glycosidic bond

bonds between sugars

ester bonds

hold fats together

microtubules

resist compression forces made of tubulin

microfilaments

resist compression forces

intermediate filaments

anchor or hold organelles in place

centrioles

microtubules create

basal bodies

centrioles connect to the cell membrane and become

Cilia and Flagella

grow from the basal bodies

9 by 2

Cilia and Flagella arrangement

cilia

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner

flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

cholesterol

is added to make the cell membrane more fluidity because of the saturated fats

passive transport

diffusion of a substance through the membrane without any input of energy from the cell