Subsistence Agriculture in Dry Regions

What are the five agricultural regions predominant in developing countries according to Whittlesey?

1. Intensive subsistence, wet-rice dominant 2. Intensive subsistence, crops other than rice dominant 3. Pastoral nomadism 4. Shifting cultivation 5. Plantation

What is pastoral nomadism?

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals in dry climates, where planting crops is impossible.

Name two examples of pastoral nomads.

The Bedouins of Saudi Arabia and North Africa, and the Masai of East Africa.

What do pastoral nomads primarily depend on for survival?

They depend primarily on animals rather than crops.

What is transhumance?

Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.

How did hunters and gatherers obtain food before agriculture?

By hunting for animals, fishing, or gathering plants.

What type of agricultural practice did Whittlesey categorize as a form of commercial agriculture found in tropical developing countries?

Plantation agriculture.

What are the six agricultural regions predominant in developed countries according to Whittlesey?

1. Mixed crop and livestock 2. Dairying 3. Grain 4. Ranching 5. Mediterranean 6. Commercial gardening.

What was the typical group size of hunters and gatherers?

Usually fewer than 50 persons.

Why is pastoral nomadism declining today?

Due to modern technology, government controls, and the conversion of land to sedentary agriculture.