STS REVIEWER MIDTERM

**1650 BC**

The Mycenaean civilization, located in present-day Greece, used bronze until about 1100 BC. The southern coastal community of Phylos had 400 laborers in their bronze-working industry.

1640 BC

The Egyptians did not have bronze until they were invaded by the Hyksos around ____ BC.

1500 BC

Bronze started to be found in Western Europe. The undeveloped areas of Northern Europe did not use bronze until about 1000 BC.

1250 BC

Around this time, bronze swords and helmets were made in these areas.

SCIENCE

\- Comes from the Latin word "Scientia" which means knowledge

The Great Ziggurat

also called “The Mountain of God”

Irrigation

to bring water to farmlands and to control the flooding of the rivers.

Sailboat

mode of transportation

Wheel

were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes. Because of this wheel and axle invention, mass production was made easier. Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort.

Roads

Sumerians developed the first _________ using sun-baked bricks which facilitates faster and easier travel.

Transport and Navigation Transport and Navigation Communication Security and Protection Health Architecture and Engineering Mass Production Aesthetic Record Keeping

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING ANCIENT TIMES

Social Science and Natural Science

2 Branches of Science

Natural Science

\- Seeks to understand the world

Social Science

\- Study of people, culture, and society

TECHNOLOGY

Application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles, to produce services, materials, tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world problems

SOCIETY

A group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction,

Through science, we develop new technologies.

HOW IS SCIENCE USED IN TECHNOLOGY?

Ancient Times

1\. Sumerian Civilization

2\. Babylonian Civilization

3\. Egyptian Civilization

Sumerian Civilization (4100-1750)

\- Cooperative, developed many things connected with Science and Technology engaged in technological innovation

\- Developed mathematics, astronomy, and astrology

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Uruk City

the first true city in the world

Babylonian Civilization (2300 BCE)

\- Great builders, engineers, and architects

\- Astronomy and astrology

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Hanging Garden of Babylon

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One of the seven wonders of the world

Papyrus

was a plant that grew abundantly in Egypt that was use as paper.

ink

Egyptians combined soot with different chemicals to produce ___

Hieroglyphics

system of writing using symbols, used pictograms and alphabet-like characters that stood for certain sounds.

Christian Jurgensen Thomsen

**An archeologist and a curator of the National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen who introduced the Three-Age System in early 19th century, through his book entitled “Guide to Scandinavian Antiquity”.**

3700 BC

The bronze age started at different areas of the world at different times. The knowledge of how to mix the copper and tin moved slowly from place to place, plus many areas had no tin and/or copper to make the new metal.

3500 BC

Bronze was used in the Mediterranean and Eastern European areas. This new metal was expensive to make, plus a craftsman was needed to make this new alloy.

2500 BC

The Indus Valley civilization in India was a large early trading center. Bronze tools, weapons, statuary, jewelry, and even toys were discovered from this time period.

2400 BC

The Longshan people of China lived from around ___________.

Toward the end of this period, they used bronze to make tools and weapons.

2300 BC

in Europe. Few tools were made in the beginning but by 1200 BC, bronze replaced all stone tools.

1700 BC

The Shang Dynasty of China used bronze

regularly. They even set up bronze-working communities. Around 1200 BC, Lady Hao, the wife of King Wuding, died and was buried with many items for the afterlife including bronze vessels, armor, bells, tools, knives, and tigers.

Water Clock

also called clepsydra. A device which utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. The amount of water remaining in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full.

3769 BC

Bronze was already in use at this time. No one knows exactly where or how bronze was first discovered. By around 3500 BC, farm tools and weapons were being made of this new metal in these areas.

wigs

– Egyptians wore ____ for health reasons. It protects the shaved head from the heat of the sun.

Cosmetics

for Egyptians cosmetics are both for health and aesthetic. They wore kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eyes disease

Egyptian Civilization

built grand monuments and temples and made advances in engineering, architecture, agriculture, medicine, astronomy, and even in art and literature.

\- Contributions: Papyrus, Ink, Hieroglyphics, Water clock, wig, cosmetics

Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic

3 Period in Stone Age

Stone Age

\- Used primitive stone tools

\- They were hunter-gatherers

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Middle Paleolithic Period Upper Paleolithic Period

 Two Types of Paleolithic Period

Middle age

Began in 450 A.D. Often known as the Medieval Era, was a period of history that lasted nearly a thousand years, from the fifth to fifteenth centuries CE. It is widely regarded as the transitional period between the Age of Classical Antiquity and the Modern Era(1450 – 1789) is generally considered by historians as the “Early Modern Era”.

Paleolithic

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\- from an ape-like creature to a true Homo sapiens.

\- Either nomadic or semi-nomadic

\- Hunters and gatherers.

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Mesolithic

\- Made use of stone tools known as microliths

\- began to learn to fish along rivers and lake shores, make pottery and use a bow.

\- Cultural and technological development was based primarily on agriculture

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Neolithic

\- New Stone Age

\- Stone tools formed by polishing or grinding

\- From hunters to settlers

\- The transition from nomadic hunter-gatherers to agrarian communities.

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 Bronze Age (3,300 - 1200 BCE)

\- Is distinguished by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the primary hard materials.

\- Smelting is a process of extracting metal from or involving heating and melting.

\- Copper and tin

Iron Age (1500 BC - 450 BC)

\- People across most of Europe, Asia, and portions of Africa began to use iron and steel to make tools and weapons.

Middle Age

\- Began in 450 A.D.

\- The transitional period between the Age of Classical Antiquity and the Modern Era(1450 – 1789)

\- Technologies: new horse harness, windmill, clock and watch, mariners’ magnetic compass, sternpost rudder, lenses and spectacle, gunpowder and cannon, printing, distillation and alcohol

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Pre-Columbian America

\- Christopher Columbus

\- Characterized by three groups: Mayan, Aztec, and Incas

Scientific Revolution

\- period of great scientific intellectual achievements that contributed to essential changes in scientific

Universe Model by Nicolaus Copernicus

sun as the center of universe and planets revolve around it in circles

Law of Planetary Motion by Johannes Kepler

\- planets revolve around the sun in elliptical, not circular, orbits; and that closer planets to the sun move faster than the others.

Work of Motion by Galileo Galilei

distance, velocity, acceleration, and the law of inertia

Law of Universal Gravitation by Isaac Newton

a particle in the universe attracts every other universal particle using a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely to the square of the distance between their centers

 



Enlightenment Period

\- period of intellectual development

\- primarily in France, Britain, and Germany

\- Increasing scientific knowledge led to the development of various technologies that reduced hours of manual labor to just a few minutes of effort. The transition resulted in the creation of many inventions, which defined the period in history.

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Industrial Revolutions

\- 1750-1895 AD

\- period of complex technological inventions that eventually replaced human and animal forces.

\- shifted the agrarian and handicraft economy to industry and machine manufacturing.

Information Age

This era can be described as the emergence of the internet and the worldwide web.

Digital Age

1\. Computer

2\. Internet

3\. World Wide Web

4\. Electronic mail

5\. Facebook

6\. Twitter

7\. Youtube

8\. Google

8\. Google

Computer

\- Was discovered by Charles Babbage.

\- Is designed simply for computations/mathematical calculations and simple decision-making capabilities

Internet

\- Created by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn

\- The discovery of Fiber Optic allowed the billion of buts of information to be received every minute.

World Wide Web

\- Discovered by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1990’s.

\- discovered for commercial purposes

Electronic mail

\- Discovery of E-mail was controversially claimed by V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai, an Indian-born American scientist and entrepreneur

Facebook

\- Launched in February 04,2004 by Mark Zuckerberg

\- membership was first limited to Harvard students

Twitter

\- created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone and Evan Williams.

\- networking website where people post and interact with messages or “tweets’

Youtube

\- It is the largest on-line destination and the third most visited website.

Created by Chad Hurley and Steve Chen in 2005 during Valentine’s day.

Google

\- Larry Page and Sergey Brin, both PhD students at Stanford University developed ______ as a research project in1996.

\- most used search engine in the worldwide web.

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Instagram

\- It was created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger in October 2010.

\- A fun photography application that is gaining fame all over the globe

MODE OF DRESSING

\- Male: Kanggan & Bahag. Red is for chief. Black & blue is for commoners

\- Bagobo man & woman wear a turban (headpiece) which is called putong

\- Female: baro/camisa, saya/patadyong

\- Some women wore tapis (red or white cloth on top of their skirt)

ORNAMENTS

\- They wear it to look attractive

\- Kalumbiga, pendants, bracelets, and leglets these ornaments were made of gold

\- Gold filling between the teeth

\- Tattoos represent that they've been in a war

HOUSES

\- Suits for the tropical climate

\- Kalingas, Mandayas, and Bagobos built their houses on treetops

\- Badjaos, built their houses on boats.

SOCIAL CLASSES

There are three classes, Nobles, Maharlika, Alipin.

Acquired their status by inheritance, captivity, purchase, failure to settle debts,   or by committing a crime.

Nobles

Datu and their families. Often address as Gat or Lakan

Mahadlika/Maharlika

freemen

Alipin

dependents

1\. Tumataban 2. Tumarampok 3. Ayuey

 Three Kinds of Dependents(Visayan)

STATUS OF WOMEN

\- Women are respected

\- They have the right to inherit property, engage in trade and industry, and succeed in the chieftainship of the barangay in the absence of a male heir

MARRIAGE CUSTOMS

\- Men were in general, monogamous

\- Paninilbihan is what a man should do to win the lady's hand

\- Wives: Asawa, Concubines: Friends

\- Bribes for relatives are called Sambon

- Pamamalae/Pamamanhikan/ Pamumulungan, is the man's parents meeting the bride-to-be's parents to make final arrangements

\- Priestess or Babaylan officiates the wedding

\- Thrown uncooked rice to the couple after the wedding

Muslim Marriage Customs

1\. Pananalanguni or Bethrothal



2\. Followed by the consultation with the girl’s parents



3\. Relays their decision to the village chief



4\. Informed the suitor’s parents of the decision

1\. Kawasateg

2\. Siwaka

3\. Enduatuan

4\. Pangatulian

5\. Tatas

6\. langkad

7\. Lekat

7 Kinds of dowry

Kawasateg

money was given to the bride’s close relatives

Siwaka

brassware was given to those who helped arrange the wedding

Enduatuan

\- brassware or animals for the village chief

Pangatulian

jewelry was given to the bride’s mother and aunts

Tatas

blade was given to the girl’s uncle

langkad

money given to the girl’s parents as a fine for having bypassed the girl’s elder sister if she had any

Lekat

the amount of money given to the girl’s attendant

Pegkawing

\- Wedding ceremony

- Was Officiated by the Hadji

\- Six days of festivities followed, and only on the seventh day could the couple sleep together Muslim wedding

GOVERNMENT

\- Barangay (came from the Malay word balangay) is the unit of government consisting of 30 to 100 families

LAWS

those found guilty of crimes were punished either by fine or by death; some punishments can be considered torture by modern standards.

LEGISLATION

\- Before laws are made, the chief consults with a council of elders who approved of his plan.

JUDICIAL PROCESS

\- Was settled by a court made up of the The village chief and the council of elders; between barangays, a board made up of elders from neutral barangays acted as arbiters.

\- Trial by Ordeal (have to go through ordeals to prove his innocence)

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

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1\. Bathalang Maykapal (Creator)

2\. Idinayale (god of agriculture)

3\. Sidapa (god of death)

4\. Balangaw (rainbow god)

5\. Mandarangan (war god)

6\. Agni (fire god)

7\. Lalahon (goddess of harvest) 8. Siginarugan (god of hell)

9\. Diyan Masalanta (goddess of love)

BURIAL

\- Was Placed in a wooden coffin and buried under the house complete with cloth, gold, and other valuable things.

Upon the death of the person, fires were made under the house and armed men acted as sentinels to guard the corpse against sorcerers.

\- Professional mourners were hired to accentuate the depth of mourning.

\- The ancients distinguished mourning for a woman from that of a man – morotal (for women) and maglahi (for men).

DIVINATION/MAGIC CHARMS

Ancient Filipinos are quite superstitious and put much stock into auguries, and magic charms.

CULTURE

\- Philippine pre-colonial culture wasbasically Malayan in structure and form.

\- Had music and dances for almost all occasions and a wide variety of musical instruments that shows their ingenuity.

SYSTEM WRITING

\- Sanskrit or Arabic provenance.

\- consisted of seventeen(17) symbols, of which three(3) were vowels and fourteen(14) consonants.

\- Fr. Pedro Chirino’s theory is that the ancients wrote from top to bottom and from left to right.

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COLONIAL PERIOD

Spanish Colonization (1521-1898)



Reasons for their Colonization:



            1. God - convert natives to Christianity



            2. Gold - accumulation of gold and wealth



            3. Glory - the supremacy of Spain over Portugal 

Ferdinand Magellan

\- Portuguese-born Spanish explorer who led the Spanish expedition around the world.



            - Landed on the Island of Homonhon and claimed it as property of the Spaniards and named it Islas de San Lazaro

            - Has a good relationship with the community and Rajah Humabon. Some of them have converted to Roman Catholicism

Lapu-Lapu

\- Ruler of Mactan

            - Resisted the Spanish Colonization

            - On the morning of April 27, 1521(Battle of Mactan), Lapu-Lapu led 3,000 warriors in a battle against Portuguese explorer and conquistador Ferdinand Magellan who led a force of forty- nine Spanish soldiers and 6000 native warriors from Cebu.

            - Magellan and several of his men were killed

Spanish Contribution

1\. King Philip of Spain

2\. Encomienda

3\. Treaty of Paris

4\. Suez Canal

5\. Politics

6\. Education

7\. Medicine

8\. Agriculture

9\. Economy