APUSH Period 2

Florida

Claimed by Juan Ponce de Leon for Spain.

New Mexico and Arizona

Settled by Native Americans then Spain.

Texas

Spanish settlement that resisted France in New Orleans.

California

Established settlement in San Diego by Franciscan order.

John Cabot

Explored North America for Britain.

Join-stock Companies

Investors paid a portion to finance the company, and used for more risky ventures.

Corporate Colonies

Operated by joint-stock companies, like Jamestown.

Royal Colonies

Under direct authority of the crown, ex Virginia

Proprietary Colonies

Governed by individuals given ownership or charter by the king, ex Maryland.

Virginia Company

A joint-stock company chartered by King James, which established the first successful Colony in North America, Jamestown.

Jamestown

First successful and permanent colony in North America by the British, grew tobacco.

Captain John Smith

His leadership helped Jamestown survive its first five years.

John Rolfe

With his Native American wife Pocahontas they developed a tobacco that was popular in Britain.

Pocahontas

Married to John Rolfe and helped Jamestown cultivate tobacco.

Headright

Virginia gave 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for the passage of a settler to a colony.

Virginia

The colony was still on the verge of collapse so King James I revoked the Virginia company’s charter and took direct control.

Separatistst

Wanted to form a church separate from royal control, radical dissenters.

Pilgrims

Separatists that left Britain to go to the colonies.

Mayflower

The ship that the pilgrims took that was headed to Virginia but landed in Plymouth.

Puritans

Moderate dissenters, who believed the Church of England could be reformed.

John Winthrop

Led the Puritans to create the Boston colony.

Great Migration (1630s)

Driven by religious persecution 15,000 settlers moved to the Massachusetts Bay colony

Cecil Calvert

2nd Lord Baltimore, provided a haven in Maryland for fellow Catholics

Acts of Toleration

Calvert persuaded Maryland’s assembly to adopt the Acts so the Catholics seeking haven weren’t persecuted.

Roger Williams

Well respected Puritan minister, who was banished. Founded Providence.

Providence

Founded by Roger WIlliams in 1863 after he was banished from Boston. Tolerated Quakers, Catholics, and Jews.

Anne Hutchinson

Dissented from Puritans and believed in Antinomianism. Founded Portsmouth with her followers.

Antinomianism

Since people find salvation from faith alone they are not required to follow traditional moral laws.

Rhode Island

Charter was granted to Roger Williams by Parliament that joined Providence and Portsmouth into one colony.

Thomas Hooker

Led a large group on Boston Puritans to found Hartford.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First written constitution in American History drafted by Hartford settlers. Established representative government that is elected by popular vote which elects a governor.

John Davenport

Founded the second settlement in Connecticut, New Haven.

Connecticut

Joined Hartford and New Haven into one colony in 1665. The royal charter allowed for limited self government.

New Hampshire

Last colony of New England to be founded. Separated from the Massachusetts Bay colony as an effort to increase royal control it was controlled by an appointed governor.

Halfway Covenant

To be a puritan one must’ve had a confirmed religious experience. With less of the new generation having these experiences some Clergy offered partial membership.

South Carolina

Founded by English settlers and planters from Barbados. First the economy was based on fur trade and food for the West Indies. Then they started growing rice.

Rice-growing plantations

Made South Carolina’s economy and culture resemble the West Indies’

North Carolina

Few good Harbors and didn’t rely on slavery or large plantations. It attracted farmers who had self sufficient tobacco farms. Democratic views and autonomy from the Crown.

Tobacco farms

In North Carolina they were self sufficient and the main settlers.

Middle Colonies

New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.

New York

King Charles wanted to consolidate territory between New England and the Chesapeake colonies. Given to James II, kicked Dutch out of New York/Amsterdam. Didn’t allow any representative government till 1683.

New Jersey

Split from New York by James II because New York was too large, West and East Jersey changed hands often and became so confusing that the Crown combined both into a royal Colony.

Pennsylvania

“The Holy Experiment” Payment of a debt to William Penn. When his son inherited it, it became very liberal and was mean to be a refuge for for Quakers.

William Penn

Inherited Pennsylvania from his father and as a Quaker enacted liberal policies.

Quakers

Religious society of Friends, believed religious authority was within a person. Supported equality between all men and women. Challenged authority.

Frame of Government

Guaranteed a representative government and a written constitution.

Charter of Liberties

Written Constitution for Pennsylvania

Delaware

Lower three counties of Pennsylvania that were given a separate assembly. But wasn’t separate until the American Revolution.

Georgia

Barrier from Spanish Florida, and a place to put debtors. Run by James Oglethorpe and had strict regulations. Eventually became a royal colony and regulations ended.

James Oglethorpe

First governor of Georgia, founded Savannah, and put into effect a plan to make the colony thrive including strict regulations. When he gave up it became a royal colony.

House of Burgesses

First representative assembly in America, in Virginia.

Mayflower Compact

Early form of self government and written constitution by the pilgrims. Included town meetings and debates.

Navigation Acts

All trade to and from the colonies had to be on English ships, imports that weren’t perishable had to pass through English ports, enumerated good could only be traded to England.

Mercantilism

The more gold or silver the more wealth a country had. Colonies would also only sell cheap unfinished goods to the mother country which would sell the finished goods for higher prices to the colonies.

Salutary Neglect

England’s practice of lax enforcement of regulations.

Dominion of New England

James II combined New York, New Jersey, and other New England colonies to increase royal control over the colonies.

Sir Edmund Andros

Sent from England by James II to govern Dominion of New England.

Glorious Revolution

The deposing of James II, and replacing him with William and Mary of Orange in 1688.

New England Confederation

Military alliance between Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, New Haven.

Metacom’s War/King Phillip’s War

Vicious war between New England and Wampanoags for colonists encroaching on the Native American’s land.

Wampanoags

Native Americans in the New England region, that frequently came into conflict with colonists.

Metacom

Chief of the Wampanoags, also known as King Phillip, during Metacom’s War

Sir William Berkely

Royal Governor of Virginia who used dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of wealthy planters, and did not protect smaller farmers from Native American attacks.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Impoverished gentleman farmer, Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion of volunteers that massacred Native Americans and burned down Jamestown. Fell apart when Bacon died of Dysentery.

Indentured Servants

Contracted to work for northern farmers in exchange for paid passage to the colonies. 25 Africans sent to Virginia were the start of racially based slavery in the colonies.

Slavery

A legal system of forced labor in the colonies where individuals, primarily of African descent, were treated as property to work on plantations and in homes.

Slave Laws

Modeled after the Barbados Slave Codes, meant to control and regulate the lives of enslaved Africans and their descendants in colonial America.

Immigrants

Individuals who move to a new country for settlement, often in search of better opportunities or escape from difficult conditions. At this point in time Protestants of France and Germanic states.

English Immigrants

Numbers were smaller because of stability in England

German immigrants

Settled west of Philadelphia (Pennsylvania Dutch Country). Lutherans, Amish, and Mennonites.

Scotch-Irish immigrants

Protestant immigrants from Northern Ireland who’s ancestors moved to Ireland from Scotland. Settled on the Western Frontier.

Other European Immigrants

Huguenots, Dutch, and Swedes.

Africans

Taken captive and sold as slaves in the New World.

Subsistence Farming

Family farms in the North relied on it due to long winters and rocky soil.

Established Church

Most colonial governments taxed people to support a particular Protestant denomination.

Great Awakening

A movement of fervent expressions of religious feeling among the masses, or a religious revival.

Johnathan Edwards

Best known leader of the Great Awakening. Congregational minister from Massachusetts. Fire and Brimstone Preacher.

George Whitefield

Spread the Great Awakening in the Colonies. Audiences of 10,00 people in barns, tents, and fields. God was all-powerful, ordinary people could understand the gospel, fire and brimstone.

Benjamin West

Colonial artist who painted families and went to England to establish himself as a prominent artist.

John Copley

Itinerant artist that painted families. Went to England to establish himself as a prominent artist.

Cotton Mather

Prominent colonial author on religion.

Benjamin Franklin

Colonial author who wrote Poor Richard’s Almanack.

Phillis Wheatley

Previously enslaved woman in Boston who learned to read and write, and wrote poems.

John Bartram

Botanist in Philadelphia and self taught.

Sectarian

First colonial colleges that promoted the doctrines of a particular religious group.

Nonsectarian

First and only college founded in the period was College of Philadelphia, later University of Pennsylvania.

Lawyers

Gained respect in the 1760s and 1770s for arguing for colonial rights.

Zenger Case

When John Peter Zenger a newspaper publisher who was accused of libelously criticizing the NY royal Governor. Criticism of Governor was illegal but the jury acquitted him because it was the truth.

John Peter Zenger

NY publisher who was accused of libelously criticizing the Royal Governor of NY.

Andrew Hamilton

In the Zenger Case argued his client John Peter Zenger was telling the truth.

Enlightenment

Movement that spread from Europe that emphasized reason and science.

Governor

Colonial government chief executive.

Legislature

Colonial government way of voting to adopt or reject the governor’s proposed laws.

Town Meetings

Meetings in the colonial days to reach a consensus and avoid conflict. But this could have limited the degree of democracy.