Neuro Exam 3

Which of the following is true regarding arthritis?

It is caused by inflammation in the joints

It is caused by peripheral sensitization of nociceptor (pain-sensing) neurons

Action potentials in nociceptive neurons lead to the release of neuropeptides such as Substance P and CGRP, which further trigger inflammation and pain

What does NGF do?

It causes mast cells to release various inflammatory mediator proteins (ex: histamine & cytokines)

It leads to changes in gene expression, leading to the upregulation of TRPV1 and Nav1.7 (sodium ion channels)

It binds to TRKA receptors found on the surface of nociceptor neurons

Activated microglia may release which molecules that contribute to neuronal damage?

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

ATP

True or False: In Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid-β plaques can chronically activate microglia and initiate inflammatory signaling in the brain.

True

Neurons arise from which of the following:

Ectoderm

During neuro-development, which step happens first?

Neurogenesis

The neural tube eventually develops into which major structures?

Brain and spinal cord (CNS)

Which type of cell acts as a scaffold for migrating neurons during development?

Radial glial cells

What structure helps detect guidance proteins?

• Growth Cone

What does a morphogen do?

Chemicals involved in patterning and the development of different body areas or segments

Evidence suggests that there are genetic influences on sexual orientation.

True

Removal of the testes from a male rat right after birth organizes…

female-typical sexual behavior in adulthood.

The maternal immune hypothesis of environmental effects on male sexual orientation is related to...

a mother's immune response to a male fetus.

The ______ of homosexual and heterosexual men differ.

Question 4 options:

hypothalamus.

Evidence suggests that, on average, male homosexuals have more ______ than male heterosexuals.

older brothers

An injection of testosterone to a female rat right after birth organizes…

male-typical sexual behavior in adulthood.

Identical twins always have the same sexual orientation.

False

The “birth order effect” also known as the “older brother effect” on male sexual orientation appears to only be true for right-handed individuals.

True

Evidence suggest that gender-atypical behavior in childhood is associated with adulthood homosexuality.

True

Adult homosexuals always behave in a gender-atypical fashion.

False