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Basic justification of advertising
It informs consumers, supports competition, and helps allocate resources efficiently.
Critiques of advertising
It can manipulate desires, promote materialism, and distort consumer autonomy.
Intrinsic value
Valued for its own sake.
Instrumental value
Valued as a means to an end.
Anthropocentrism
A human-centered view that values nature primarily for its utility to humans.
Biocentrism
The belief that all life has inherent worth, not just human life.
Holism in environmental ethics
The belief that ecosystems and the whole environment have moral value.
Free rider problem
When individuals benefit from resources or services without contributing to their cost.
Tragedy of the commons
Overuse and depletion of shared resources due to self-interested behavior.
Externalities
Unintended side effects (positive or negative) of economic activity that affect others not directly involved.
Environmental regulation options
Command-and-control regulation, market-based incentives, and tradable pollution permits.
Civil liberties in the workplace
Rights like freedom of speech, privacy, and protection against discrimination at work.
Role of labor unions
To protect workers' rights, negotiate wages, and improve working conditions.
Right to Work law
Legislation that prohibits making union membership a condition of employment.
BFOQs (Bona Fide Occupational Qualifications)
Legitimate qualifications that allow for discrimination in hiring when necessary for job performance.
Polygraph Protection Act
A U.S. law that restricts private employers from using lie detector tests on employees.
At-will employment
An employment arrangement where either party can terminate the relationship at any time, for any legal reason.
Just cause employment
Employment can only be terminated for a documented, legitimate reason.
Eminent Domain case study
Government seizure of private property and ethical concerns about fairness and compensation.
Nestlé Water case study
Corporate extraction of water resources and its environmental and social impacts.
Walmart case study
Labor practices, wages, and effects on small businesses and local communities.
Catastrophe in Bangladesh case
The Rana Plaza collapse highlighted global supply chain ethics and corporate accountability.
NYT American Economy audio case
Shifts in economic inequality and structural changes in the U.S. economy.
Fordasauras case
Corporate cost-benefit analysis in product safety decisions.
Redwoods case
Conflict between environmental preservation and corporate logging.
Advertising's psychological influence
Influence on consumer desires and decision-making.
Honest Advertising (web)
Ethical boundaries and truth in advertising practices.
Ben and Jerry's case
How business ethics and social responsibility are integrated into company policy.
Webporn at Work case
Workplace privacy, internet use, and employer monitoring.
Free Speech and Malt Alcohol case
The tension between corporate advertising and public regulation.
AIDS and Café case
Workplace discrimination and health-related ethical issues.
Guns in the Parking Lot
Gun rights vs. workplace safety and employer policies.
Unprofessional Conduct case
Defining and handling inappropriate behavior in the workplace.
She Snoops to Conquer
Ethical issues in surveillance and employee trust.
Swedish Daddies case
Gender roles and parental leave policies in workplace ethics.
Deontology
Ethics based on duty and adherence to moral rules, not consequences.
Kant's Categorical Imperative (1st formulation)
Act only on maxims you can will to become universal laws.
2nd formulation of the Categorical Imperative
Treat humanity as an end, never merely as a means.
3rd formulation of the Categorical Imperative
* you are a legislator in a kingdom of ends.
Kantian intent
Morality is based on intention, not outcome.
Role of reason in Kantianism
Reason determines moral duty.
Duty in Kantian ethics
The necessity of acting from respect for the moral law.
Good will according to Kant
The only thing that is good without qualification.
Critiques of Kantianism
Rigid, too abstract, can lead to moral conflict with no resolution.
Greatest Happiness Principle
Actions are right if they promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
Quantitative vs. qualitative pleasures
Quantitative: amount of pleasure; Qualitative: type and depth of pleasure.
Act utilitarianism
Evaluates each action individually by its consequences.
Rule utilitarianism
Follows rules that generally promote the greatest good.
Critiques of utilitarianism
Can justify immoral actions, ignores justice, and demands too much.
Consequentialism
The ethical view that the morality of actions is based on their outcomes.
Nature of the human being in egoism
Humans are self-interested and pursue their own good.
Hedonistic egoism
The belief that individuals should act to maximize their own pleasure.
Psychological egoism
The theory that people always act in their own self-interest.
Goal-oriented egoism
Egoism focused on long-term self-interest and personal goals.
State of nature
A hypothetical condition before society where life was 'nasty, brutish, and short.'
Social contract
An agreement among individuals to form a society and abide by its rules.
Sovereign ruler in social contract theory
An authority who enforces the contract and maintains order.
Critiques of egoism
Promotes selfishness, lacks universality, and undermines cooperation.