Human anatomy and physiology 1- tissues

Tissues

Four tissue types

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

Connective tissue types

Loose, dense, blood, bone , cartilage

Loose connective tissue types

areolar, adipose, reticular

Dense connective tissue types

regular, irregular, elastic

cartilage types

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

Bone types

Compact, spongy

Connective tissue characteristics

common origin mesenchyme, vascularity, extra cellular matrix

Cells in matrix

fibres e.g. collagen and ground substance e.g. interstitial fluid

Cells in connective tissue

fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells

Loose areolar

binds other tissues

Loose adipose

has a storage capacity

Reticular

Fibers in matrix

Dense regular

White collagen and flexible

Dense irregular

thick fibres in joint capsules

Elastic dense

Yellow substance, elastin present vocal chords

Cartilage

embedded in matrix of chondrin which is deposited by chondroblasts, avascular

Hyaline cartilage

most abundant, white, forms embryonic skeleton , some collagen fibres present

Fibrocartilage

strongest, densely packed collagen fibres, intervertrabal disks

Elastic cartilage

yellow elastin fibres present in matrix, forms flap over larynx

Bone

calcified connective tissue made up of cells in a solid matrix of collagen fibres and mineral salts, well vascularized

functions of bone

movement, protects delicate organs, holds bone marrow, produces detailed structures

periosteum

a layer of dense collagenous CT which covers every bone contains potential osteoblasts

Types of bone cell

osteoblasts, osteoclasts , osteocytes, canaliculi and lamellae

Dense bone

Contains osteoblasts in small gaps in the matrix called lacunae, lacunae are arranged concentrically around the lamellae, provides exchange of nutrients and waste removal

Spongy bone

Network of interconnecting hard bony struts called trabeculae, spaces between trabeculae contain red bone marrow, provides structural strength, in epiphyses of long bones

Blood

fluid within blood cells, consists of blood cells and plasma

Muscle tissue

specialized contractile cells held together by CT, stabilizes body positions and generates heat

types of muscle tissue

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

skeletal

attached to bones, striated, voluntary, muscle fibres, collagen fibres and sacrolemma

smooth

on the walls of internal organs, peristalsis, fatigues slowly

Cardiac

involuntary, never fatigues, striated, has pacemaker which controls heartbeat

composition muscles skeletal

made up of microfibrles, each microfibrles contains microfilaments which are made of actin and myosin

Characteristics of epithelial

have polarity, tightly packed, avascular but innervated, high regeneration rate

simple epithelium

one cell thick

stratified epithelium

2 or more cells thick

Simple epithelium types

squamous, cuboidal and columnar

stratified epithelium types

pseudostratified columnar epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium, transitional epithelium

functions of epithelium

protection, secretion, absorption

Nervous tissue types

neurons, nueroglia