Global History II

According to Pomeranz, what explains the great divergence?

Europe had a better and faster industrialization due to coal and colonies

In the eyes of the science, what is the linear model, according to Pomeranz is it true or false?

Science lead to technology

False

What is the Nedham question?

Why China favoured science in the middle ages, but turned it back on it by the modern era? Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe?

Which is the answer to the Nedham question according to Paul Kennedy?

Asian countries were monolitic countries, where new ideas were supressed and persecuted to mantain order

In Europe, there was a competition among states and thinkers could seek protection on rival monarchies (Competition among States Thesis)

Difference of the scientific revolution and the Enlightment

Scientific revolution: pure knowledge, elite thinkers

Enlightment: extension of the scientific revolution that extended knowledge to the public sphere (middle-class and non-latin speakers)

Characteristics of the enlightment

Goes beyond natural sciences, introduces human sciences

Not only took place in Europe, but crossed the Atlantic

Enlightenment was carried to more logical and radical ends

Concerned by practical knowledge

Which are the “Human Sciences”?

Economy, demography, penology, botany

Role of Enlightment in religion?

Open discussion of different ideas

Moral philosophy

Propose alternative theories

Catholic church censored enlightened works

Enlightment and economy

No enlightened economic system, all agreed in the goal of an economic reform in the interest of the public good

Free market and laissez-faire: Adam Smith and the French Physiocrats

Mercantilism: state intervention, protected markets, guilds, and monopolies

Enlightenment and politics

No enlightened political system, all agree in a political system that benefited people

Voltaire and diderot: absolute monarchy

Montesquieu: Aristocratic parliament and separation of powers

Rousseau: Social contract

Enlightment and human rights

Founded in the moral philosophy

Enlightenment influenced human rights doctrines and movements across the Atlantic

Enlightenment and race

Anthropology: distinguished humans by race

Which are two outcomes that exemplify how Enlightment was used to justified European imperialism

Civilizing mission and social darwinism

Four causes of the Atlantic Revolutions

Fiscal-military crisis after the seven years war

Worldwide economic and social crisis

Trans-atlantic influence of the enlightenment

Rise of literate middle classes

Four main revolutions in the Atlantic World

United States

French Revolution

Haitian Revolution

Spanish empire

In a general perspective, what explains industrialization?

Consumer culture and patterns

Industrial enlightenment and scientific revolutions

Innovation: new technologies for transportation, communications, and production

Factors of production: land, capital, labour

What explains Britain’s industralization?

High wages and cheap energy economy

From a Global Perspective what explains the industrialization?

Slave trade bring cheap labour and cheap raw materials

Which are the Asian contributions to industrialization?

Increase of middle class

Mass production of India, incentive the creation of a new machine and a protectorate

Explanation of the creation of the Global South

Industrialization created asymmetries

Which are the ways of creating knowledge?

Macroinventions: something that transforms disruptively

Inventions: events that can be pinpointed in place and time

Microinventions: small incremental steps

Why are inventions produced in one place and not in another one?

Context variables

Infrastructures and institutions of knowledge were technological friendly

Practical dynamism: share of ideas among different professionals

Circulation of knowledge

Global cultural exchange

Importance of the scientific community

awareness on what other scientists are working in

Where did modern science came from?

From bringing together ideas and people from different communities and countries.

Inventions never develop in isolation

Importance of new technologies during industrialization

Increase productivity and reduce the costs of production

What is technological transfer?

All technological inventions depend on previous innovations, knowledge, and technological advances

Local factor that made possible the spread of early industrialization in Western Europ

coal reserves and higher wages

higher consumer demand

available workers

transportation networks

government involvement

 protective tariffs

What explains the cost of the early industrialization transition?

Inequalities within countries

Importance of the steam engine

contribution to the global integration of transportation

Importance of the steamship

Faster and could move without wind-

Energy that allows you to travel longer without refueling

Allowed to move up the rivers

Importance of the train

Crucial role in globalization

Move lots of people really fast.

Connected productive areas with the ports

Importance of the telegraph

Instant communication with far-away outpost

Initially useful for the empire building processes

Why was the notion of free trade during 19th century fake?

There was an emerging trade system that was controlled mainly by the Europeans, not by the merchants

What was new about the global trade through the 19th Century?

Improve of communication systems

Mass consumption markets (growth of population)

Mass transportation (time reduction- price reduction)

Trade became more important for people’s life

What created an asymmetry in global markets during the 19th century?

There were different products exported, but there were single-export dependent countries

What did the asymmetry in global markets during the 19th century created?

Added value to the producrs

Consequences of int. trade

Affect factor prices

Affected the standards of living that were conditioned by int. trade

New trends after international trade

Trading of bulk goods

Increasing competition between countries trading with the same products

Displace of domestic producers

Domestic prices were determined by world market conditions

Global commodity chains

Value creation was concentrated in metropolitan countries

Asymmetries and inequalities

What is the most favor nation principle?

favourable treatment granted to one country must be granted to all countries

Consequences of the most favor nation principle?

Competition was limited

Elites promoted protectionism

Evolution of protectionism

Before ww1 it was the law

Necessary and hided during the 19th century

Second half of the 20th century: some countries started to open

Today it is still used (tarrifs in concrete sectors, or sell through the excuse of ecology)

Definition of empire

Large political entities that have expansionist policies

Based on heriarchies

Use of policies of differences

Which is the characteristic of an informal empire

There is a strong country that exploids a weak one

The strong country has not direct rule over the weaker country, but it has capacities to determine the guidelines of domestic policies

Which are the mechanisms used to establish an informal empire_

Military settlements that could be evident or noy

Financial dependency

Use of local collaborators

Explain the three periods of empires

First empires: los que vimos el año pasado

Second empires: free-trade and labour empires

Third empires: newer empires of the European powers

Characteristics of the “third empires”

Civilizing missions

Social darwinism

Examples of British formal imperialism

British Isles, Caribbean, the Mediterranean, White settler colonies, India, and the African Colonies

Examples of British informal imperialism

China: imposed free trade after loosing the opium wars (prime example of informal empire)

Egypt: passes from informal (explote raw cotton) to formal empire (control and protection of the suez canal)

Latin-america: free trade treaties imposal

Spanish-morroco, ottoman empire, Siam (hoy Tailandia)

Which territories belong to the French Empire?

Algeria, Senegal, West Africa, Indochina, The Caribbean, and Réunion

Which territory belong to the Dutch Empire?

Indonesia

Which territory belong to the Spanish Empire?

Phillippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico

Which were the massive exporters of prime materials during the 19th century?

The colonies

Which was the objective of extend railroads in colonies?

Importe goods and underdevelopless to industrialize

In which countries did the philosophy of perfectioning humankind was used to justify imperialism and under which concepts?

France: Civilizing mission

Great Britain: tutelage

Other countries: Spain in the Phillippines, Belgium in Congo and Dutch in Indonesia

Characteristics of the French Civilizing Mission

Held the promise that natives would be civilized as Europeans : if they’re given European education, values, interests, nuclear family (Christian)

Not explicit but implicit racist

Based on Enlightment principles: everyone would eventually became citizens

Examples of land-based empires

Russian, Ottoman, Habsburg

Characteristic of declining empires in 19th century

They were the most tolerants: respected minorities that were considered as second class citizens

Why were the politics of difference less severe in land-based Empires than in overseas empires?

They were older empires and had more experience controlling minorities

They were on decline and having self-governing authority in peripheries was cheaper

Didn’t have a problem with race

Describe the asian rebellions

They were not as the atlantic revolutions

Punjab (india): Sikhs rebellion against Mughals

Wahhabi movement: Religion movement against the Ottoman state fiscal-military crisis

Chinese sectarians: the Qing emperor had no longer the mandate from heaven

Why there was not a revolution in GB during the age of revolutions?

Ideological & philosophical reasons: Prediction of violence and terror in other countries

Geopolitical reasons: competition with France

Characteristics of British liberalism during the age of revolutions

Constitutional monarchy

Two political parties

Gradual recognition of sufrage and human rights

Utilitarianism: maximize pleasure

Free trade and free labor model

Abolitionist state

Who where the leaders of abolitionism and under which premises?

Evangelics and protestants

Unslave is against God’s will

First step in abolishing slavery

Abolition of slave trade

Contradiction regarding slavery in GB?

Promoted abolition of slavery while supported the rise of the coolie labor to replace slaves

Legacies of the ages of revolutions in Global History

Constitutions, human rights, and abolition: age of progress and birth of republics in America

Violence, terror, and bloodshed: extremely violent period

Global geopolitical realignment: expansion of GB and imposal of free trade and labour

New forms of forced labour as a result of slavery abolition

Campaigns against indigenous people

What is the idea of citizen premium?

It was better to born in one place rather than another one

Which were the greatest slaves populations before the age of revolutions

Brazil (sugar, gold, and silver)

French and Britain Caribbean (sugar)

South of US (tobbaco)

Phase I of the abolition of slave

Revolutionary phase:

American Rev (north)

Haiti Rev

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Phase II of the abolition of slavery

Abolition of slave trade and the British Slave Emancipation Act

Phase III of the abolition of slavery

Gradually abolition of the slavery in Latin America through the “free-womb” legislation.

Chile was the only one to implement absolute abolition

Phase IV of the abolition of slavery

Final phase

Abolition in France and French colonies, United States, Cuba and Puerto Rico, and Brazil

Which is the paradox of abolition?

Second slavery

Slave grew massively during the age of abolition

Why did the “second slavery” took place?

Cuba: more illegal slaves than in the colonial era

Brazil: movement to coffee

South-USA: sell slaves before liberating them

Growing middle classes in Europe also created high demand for exotic products

Reasons why during the 19th century States became emblems of the globalizing world

They were becoming more powerful

They were more capable than ever before

They worked in close association with industrial interests and capital

During the 19th century who conditioned who (states to nation) or (nation to states)?

States created the nation

When a state is material enough to be recognised as a state?

It has recognition

Internal: homogenous (complicated)

External: international recognition

Explain how nations were created during the 19th century?

Fragmentation and decrease of empires

Communities were brought together by a state

Creation of a nation

What can be a possible explanation to the creation of nations and decline of empires?

While nationalist movements were increasing, empires which were generally multicultural failed to create a common identity

4 examples of Unification processes seen in class

Italy

Germany

Japan

Thailand

How can the rise of nation-states be connected with globalization?

State was reinforced with new capabilities

Standarization of state system

How can be view the notion of nation during 19th century?

As a social construct and a way of manipulation

Which was the most important political entity during the 19th century?

Empires

How can we trace the evolution of empires?

Colonization

19th centuries (industrial empires)

Today: stronger countries take advantage of weaker countries

Is the linean view (fall and increase) of empires true?

No, instead we can find different forms and degrees of imperialism

Why after mid 19th century empires started to back-up from imperialism?

UK: contradiction between liberal ideas and supression in colonies

France: Suffered a series of humiliations (i.e. Batalla de Puebla) that questioned their imperial efforts

Why is the 1880s the most imperialistic moment?

Division of Africa (from a stateless continent to 40 entities)

New industrial and financial capabilities

New military technologies

New colonialism: direct exploitation of weaker countries by imperial powers

Spread from industrial and capitalist Europe

Concert of Europe

Rising nationalism

European inter-state competitions

Context of the north of africa before European imperialism

Declining Ottoman Empire led to different autonomus provinces

Economic activity was focused on agriculture

Nomadic tribes

Explain the transition of Algeria Colonialism

France made imposible the coexistance

During mid 19th century they controlled small trading ports

territorial conquest of the most fertile lands

They encouraged french migration and corporate investment

Explain the transition of Tunisian Colonialism

During the ottoman empire it was ruled by the bey dinasty

Force to accept a European debt commission and reorganized the financial system

Later, they created a french protectorate to modernize the country

Explain the transition of Egyptian and Sudan Colonialism (most important colonialism)

Important trade of Cotton

Create a debt through loan, that rulers were not able to maintain

Send a comission to control tax revenues

Send a puntitive expedition to control de suez canal

As a temporal measure, they send an instiutionalization comission (it last 70 years)

Why did Europeans take parts of africa?

they had superior weapons, capital and organization

Different European models to control Africa

Portugal: direct rule and inclusion

France: created French africa

Belgium: private possession

Germay: created spaces of raw materials for the industrialization process

GB: New colonies

Consequences of European colonialism

European authoritarian dictatorships in the colonies

Industrialization and modernization in Europe encouraged raw material production in the colonies

Civilization mission and the Enlightenment ideas: racial classifications and other forms of discriminations

According to the UN which are the acts to considerate a genocide

Killing members of the group

Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group

Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part

Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group

Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

Problem with the definition of genocide when applied to settlement

Native populations and disease: elimination of natives by disease lacks of intention and then its not legally considered as genocide

We can however, find genocidial meassures/acts during the settlement

What is McNeills Law

Living in dense agrarian communities give immunological advantage to those in non-agrarian

Why were native indigenous more susceptible to disease?

Disruption on the livehoods and ecosystems of indigineous groups

Where settlements genocides?

Yes and no, some historians are reclutant, but it is truth that genocidial acts were present even if there was not an elimination of the population.

Explain the example of Canada (genocide)

Even though there were not genocidial acts, there was a massive elimination of native population.

Indian Advancement Act and Residential schools: compared to campos de concentración - genocidial acts

What did settlers had in common regarding genocides?

Treatment of the native population

Were more genocidal than empires that open tried to reign in settlers.