Middle Ages 2

What were some of the setbacks the church was facing from 500-1000

• Marriage= many clergy’s had families

• Simony= bishops were selling jobs

• Lay Investiture= kings in control of bishops

What was the role of new religious orders

• To go out and travel amongst people

  • Dominicans=friars who emphasized

  • Franciscans=founded by St.Francis of Assis (love of nature)

• Preaching Friars preached to the poor, they also didn’t live in monasteries like the monks.

Order for women

• Some joined the Dominicans

• Franciscans created the poor clares for women. Women could not travel but preached to the sick

Describe 3 major church reforms implemented by the Popes starting in the 1000s

• Curia: popes advisors’ and acted like a court to develop and enforce cannon law (church law)

• Collected tithe: 1/10 of income

• Provided social services: caring for sick/poor and ran hospitals

What are 2 architectural characteristics of Gothic cathedrals,

• Flying buttresses: stone structure to build building higher

• Pointed arches

• Stained glass windows: large-brings like in

what was a cause for Gothic cathedrals construction

• Population growth

  • old ones were too small

• Prestige

  • to show wealth and prosperity

• Fire Saftey

  • old ones were highly flammable

• Pilgrims

  • With crusading- many people took pilgrims to holy sites and cathedrals

What event started the Crusades

Pope Urbans speech

-wanted to reunite the church

Three major religious groups all have ties to Jerusalem and the Holy Land

• To Judaism: it was the site of the ancient temple built by Solomon

• To Christianity: it was the place where Jesus was crucified and ascended to heaven

• To Islam: it was the place where Muhammad ascended to heaven

Describe immediate effects of the crusades

1. 2-6 million European deaths (4-10% of the population)

2. Temporary land gains in Palestine and the Holy lands

3. 1204, Sack of Constantinople 

4. Temporary gain of papal prestige.

Describe long term effects of the Crusades

1. Byzantine Empire is weakened 

2. Papal power declines

3. Decline of Feudal power

4. Increase in the monarchy/kings power

5. Religious intolerance grows stronger

6. Muslims increasing distrust of Christians

7. Italian cities grow richer as trade expands

8. Trade grows between Europe and the Middle East.

9. European technology improves as the Crusades learn from the Muslims.

Causes of Crusades

• Conquest of the Seljuk Turks in the Holy Lands and threaten of Constantinople.

• Byzantine Emperor’s call for help.

• Pope Urban II’s wish to reclaim the Holy lands and to reunite the Church

• Pope’s appeal to Christian Knights in the Council of Clermont Speech

  • Set Muslims as “evil enemies”

  • Promised forgiveness of sins

  • “God wills it”- it is the word of God  

Key events of Crusades

• 1st- Crusade- the Crusaders captured Jerusalem - many die on the way

• Establish the Crusader States which they control for approx 100 yrs. 

• 3rd Crusade- an attempt to recapture Jerusalem- the famous one with Richard of England and Saladin- ends in a peace treaty

• No Crusades, after the 1st were a success

Reconquista

Christians drove muslims out of Spain

Inquisition

used courts to remove heretics

Two reason why medieval towns grew

• More trade

• Fairs

• Opportunity

• Freedom

More food= more population= extra workers= need additional markets

Medieval towns characteristics

• A new social class -developed made up of traders, artisans, bankers…The Middle Class 

• Protected by walls, became very crowded and unsanitary

• Guilds - helped run the towns- provided some services- ex. Donations to the church- guildhalls for meetings

• Guilds helped organize trade- first guilds were by merchants - expanded into craft guilds 

• Financial Revolution- There was now a large demand for cash to purchase good which led to new types of finance 

How did universities grow

• Bureaucracy needs literate men

• Possibility to get better status

• Academic Guilds- started around churches

  • First Universities

  • Hard life

  • Studies “liberal arts”- 3-6 years to get a degree

  • Masters Degree- more studying

What were some ways businesses changed with the rise of town? How did they benefit kings?

Businesses evolved with the rise of towns through the establishment of guilds, increased trade, and the use of currency. Kings benefited from this by collecting taxes and gaining political power as towns strengthened the economy.

Guilds- what role did they play

People with the same jobs that decide their wages- helped with learning

What were steps of joining the guilds

1. Apprentice-training

2. Journey Men- make master piece

3. Master-owned own shop

Vernacular. When used?

Every day language.

-Epics=poems of heros

-Books about life in middle ages

Nation states

• Nation-state- a large areas of land ruled by a single government

  • Increase land of the king which weakened the nobles

  • Collected royal/national taxes-

  • Royal Army- at the command of the King

  • Bureaucracy- groups of people running the government 

Conflict between Pope Boniface VII and King Philip IV

• 1300- Pope Boniface VIII tried to enforce papal power with an official document

• 1303- King Philip IV of France refused and held him prisoner 

• 1305- French Pope elected-> moves to Avignon France-Popes lived there for the next 70 yrs

Great Schism

1. 1378: Two popes are elected—one in Rome and one in Avignon—leading to the division known as the Great Schism. Neither side recognized the other's authority.

2. The popes denounced (excommunicated) each other.

3. A third pope was elected at the Council of Pisa (1409) in an attempt to resolve the issue, but it only created more confusion.

4. 1417- Ends when they  resigning and a new pope selected at the Council of Constance  

Effects on Great Schism

• Weakened the Church's authority and Papal Supremacy.

• Increased the power of non-Church (secular) leaders.

• Inspired scholars like John Wycliffe and Jan Hus to question the Pope's role, arguing that Jesus and the Bible are the ultimate authority.

How did the Bubonic Plague spread

by fleas bitting and infected rats

Impact and Long-Term Consequences of Bubonic Plague

1. Demographic Collapse: Up to half of Europe's population (25 million people) died within a few years.

2. Labor Shortage and Economic Shift: With fewer workers, the surviving peasants and laborers were able to demand higher wages and better working conditions.

3. Social Change: The crisis weakened the feudal system, as survivors gained freedom from their manors and could move to towns.

4. Development: Fewer people to work and fewer to feed led to shifting in technology and land usage 

5. Religious and Social Turmoil: The scale of the death led to a loss of faith and an increase in the persecution of scapegoated groups, such as Jewish communities.

Main Causes of 100 year war

• Cause 1: Succession Crisis. Following the death of the last French king without a son, the English king claimed the French throne, sparking the conflict.

• Cause 2: Control of Trade. Conflict over the strategic control of the English Channel and the valuable wool trade region of Flanders.

• Cause 3: Political Alliances. The long-standing alliance between France and Scotland threatened England's security.

Phase one of 100 year war

• 1337 | The Declaration: King Edward III of England claims the French throne. War officially begins.

• 1346 | Battle of Crécy: The Longbow proves superior to the armored knight. A massive upset victory for England.

• 1347–1351 | The Black Death: The plague ravages Europe, forcing both sides to pause fighting as populations plummet.

• 1415 | Battle of Agincourt: King Henry V of England wins a legendary victory against massive odds. England gains control of Northern France.

• 1420 | Treaty of Troyes: Henry V is named heir to the French throne. France is on the verge of disappearing as an independent kingdom.

Phase two of 100 year war

• 1429 | Siege of Orléans: Joan of Arc leads the French to their first major military breakthrough in decades.

• 1431 | Execution of Joan: Joan is burned at the stake by the English, but she becomes a martyr and a symbol of French Nationalism.

• 1450s | The Rise of Artillery: France begins using cannons to blast through English-held castle walls, making old-school fortifications useless.

How did 100 year was change warfare

New weapons such as the longbow and cannons transformed battle tactics, increasing the importance of ranged combat and siege warfare.

effects on the 100 year war

• Decline of Feudal Warfare. New weapons like the longbow and cannons made mounted, armored knights (chivalry) obsolete.

• Increased Royal Power. France ultimately won the war, which increased the power and authority of the French King (monarchy).

• Rise of Nationalism. The shared conflict created a stronger sense of national identity in both France and England.

What role did Joan of Arc play in the 100 year war

led french to first major military victory at Orléans, inspiring French troops and boosting morale.