psychology ATAR 12 - motivation and wellbeing

motivation

conscious or unconscious drive leading the behaviour that individuals initiate, direct and maintain

psychological motivation

assure an efficient maintenance of the metabolic processes essential for the survival of the individual

eg: acquisition of nutrients, water or reproduction

*** hunger and thirst do not constitute physiological motivations, they are the impulse leading to maintaining the balance of milieu interior

motivated cognition

when people think and reason, they sometimes have a rested interest in the outcome of their thinking and reasoning - people are less open minded

eg: wishful thinking about sporting teams

whether someone will survive a risky surgery

sources of motivation

physiological: motivation that is necessary for survival - this motivates most human behaviour

cognitions: motivation derived from cognition - including intellectual challenges

emotional: can stem from trying to avoid pain and seeking happiness

social: the need to be with others - drives social relations with others

self actualisation

the ultimate star of being all that individuals are striving to attain

** maslow explained how people strive to reach their full potential and continually seek personal growth

levels of motivation

deficiency needs: basic needs people are motivated to fulfil due to their absence - these are important for survival and stop acting as a motivator once they have been met

eg: when you are hungry then you eat food ceases to be the motivator

growth needs: needs that once met act as the motivation for people to continue fulfilling them

** they are unique to the person and will continue to increase as each need is met

original maslows hierarchy 1954

level one: physiological needs

level two: safety needs

level three: love and belongingness needs

level four: esteem needs

level five: self actualisation

expanded hierarchy of need 1970

level eight: transcendence needs: deeper meaning of life, to help society

level seven: self actualisation - self fulfilment, self realisation

level six: aesthetic needs - beauty, delight

level five: cognition needs - knowledge, educational growth

level four: esteem needs - self respect, confidence, recognition

level three: love and belongingness needs - acceptance, family, identification

level two: safety needs - security, stability, laws

level one: physiological needs - food, water, shelter

**works in a triangle one being at the bottom eight at the tip

***1-4 is deficiency

5-8 is growth

cognition

the mental process of gaining knowledge and understanding

transcendence

the experience of going beyond limitations of physical human experience

according to the self determination theory

self determination is critical in the development and use of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

self determination continuum

types of motivation

amotivation: the lack of any motivation

intrinsic motivation: motivation from a desire for external rewards

extrinsic motivation: motivation driven by self satisfaction arising from achieving a specific goal

psychological needs for motivation

autonomy: the need for people to feel in control of their own actions

competence: desire to feel capable of mastering new skills and experiencing achievement

relatedness: longingness to form social connections and have positive relationships with others

strengths and weaknesses for the self determination theory

strengths: widely applicable across different cultures and context as fundamental needs being universal

weakness: strong emphasis on autonomy is argued to minimise influence that external rewards have on motivation

subjective wellbeing - diener 1984

mixture of negative and positive measures and overall emotional and cognitive assessments of life

**based on personal experience of an individual

main concepts of subjective wellbeing

life satisfaction - cognitive

affective balance - emotional

life satisfaction

the overall assessment a person makes to their own life and experiences

affective balance

the experience and outward expression of emotions

**positive or negative

strengths of diener - subjective wellbeing

applicable across multiple cultures

it is a comprehensive and holistic approach to wellbeing

limitation of diener - subjective wellbeing

mainly focused on emotions and personal experience

self report measures act on the basis of the model to specifically assess explicit attitudes

6 factor model of psychological wellbeing - ryff 1989

autonomy

environmental mastery

personal growth

positive relations with others

purpose in life

self acceptance

autonomy

the individuals seeking personal evaluation not from other but from within themselves using their own standards

environmental mastery

rather than accepting things for how they are especially when they are not desirable

involves manipulating the surroundings to best suit personal needs

personal growth

utilising past and present experience allows one to continually develop as a person

positive relations with others

indivualds who self actualise find importance in forming genuine relationships with other people and also guiding the younger generation

purpose in life

meaning in life evolves over time and requires the individual to continually re-evaluate its intentionality and direction

self acceptance

an individuals acknowledgement of their personal strengths, weaknesses and past decisions and behaviours

strengths of psychological wellbeing - ryff 1989

encompasses multiple dimensions of wellbeing including self acceptance and capacity for personal growth

has been found to be very reliable and valid - a credible tool

limitation of psychological wellbeing - ryff 1989

additional factors that influence wellbeing are not accounted for in the model