8.6

Zionist Movement

A late 19th-century nationalist movement that aimed to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine, leading to the creation of Israel in 1948.

Six-Day War (1967)

A brief conflict in which Israel preemptively attacked and defeated Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, gaining control of the Gaza Strip, West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Golan Heights.

Yom Kippur War (1973)

A surprise attack on Israel by Egypt and Syria on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur; Israel ultimately repelled the invasion.

Camp David Accords (1978)

A peace treaty mediated by US President Jimmy Carter between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, leading to Egypt recognizing Israel.

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

Formed in 1964, this group aimed to create an independent Palestinian state and reclaim lands occupied by Israel, often using armed struggle.

Fatah

A Palestinian political and military faction that controlled the West Bank and, for a time, led the PLO.

Hamas

A militant Palestinian fundamentalist group that broke away from Fatah and took control of the Gaza Strip, refusing to recognize Israel.

Khmer Rouge

A communist guerrilla organization led by Pol Pot that took over Cambodia in 1975, causing a massive genocide.

Kashmir

A mountainous border region in northern India/Pakistan that both nations have fought several wars over due to its mixed Hindu/Muslim population and strategic location.

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

The world's first female prime minister, elected in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) in 1960.

Indira Gandhi

Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru; she served as Prime Minister of India, enforcing the 20-Point Economic Program and strengthening India's central government.

Benazir Bhutto

The first female prime minister of a Muslim-majority nation (Pakistan), elected in 1988, known for attempting to modernize Pakistan.

Julius Nyerere

Tanzania’s first president, known for his socialist economic policy of Ujamaa (cooperative agriculture) and emphasis on African independence.

Metropole

A "mother city" or former colonial power (e.g., London, Paris) that continued to have close economic and cultural ties with its former colonies, often experiencing migration from them.