Topic5_ConsciousnessPOSTY

What percentage of college students believe that aliens communicate through dreams?

Approximately 20% of college students endorse that belief.

What is sleep paralysis?

A state where a person is conscious but unable to move, often accompanied by hallucinations.

What hormones are associated with sleep?

Melatonin, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, and Growth Hormone.

What are the five stages of sleep?

Stages I to IV (NREM) and REM sleep.

What is the hypnagogic state?

A pre-sleep consciousness characterized by visual imagery and sensory experiences.

What are sleep spindles and K-complexes?

Events in stage 2 of sleep characterized by bursts of brain activity and high amplitude waves respectively.

What is the primary purpose of sleep according to evolutionary perspective?

Sleep is adaptive and essential for growth, brain development, and restoring resources.

What are common effects of sleep deprivation?

Irritability, cognitive impairment, memory lapses, and increased heart rate variability.

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

It acts as the brain's clock mechanism, regulating circadian rhythms.

What is melatonin?

A hormone released by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles.

What are some sleep disorders?

Insomnia, night terrors, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy.

What is the activation-synthesis theory of dreams?

It proposes that dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random brain activity during sleep.

What are stimulants and provide an example?

Drugs that have an arousal effect on the CNS; for example, caffeine.

What is the main neurotransmitter affected by opioids?

Dopamine.

What is paradoxical insomnia?

A condition where individuals believe they are sleep deprived despite normal sleep cycles.

According to Freud, what are dreams?

Unconscious wish fulfillments that contain latent and manifest content.

What can prolonged cannabis use lead to?

Impaired cognitive function and cannabis-induced psychosis.

What changes occur in sleep patterns as we age?

Generally, less sleep is required and there is an increase in stage 2 sleep and a decrease in REM sleep.

What are hallucinogens?

Psychoactive substances capable of producing hallucinations or changes in perception, such as LSD and psilocybin.